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Loss of pollinator diversity consistently reduces reproductive success for wild and cultivated plants

Nature Ecology & Evolution volume 9, pages 296–313 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Pollination is a crucial ecosystem service, yet pollinator species diversity is declining as a result of factors such as climate change, habitat loss and agricultural intensification. While previous studies have often examined the extreme scenario of complete pollinator removal, showing negative impacts on plant reproductive success, we take a more realistic approach by focusing on the effects of decreasing pollinator diversity. Our global meta-analysis reveals a notable negative impact of reduced pollinator species diversity on plant reproductive success measures, such as seed set, fruit set and fruit weight. Notably, this effect varies across plant families, impacting both self-incompatible and self-compatible species. We also find that wild plant species suffer more than cultivated ones. Furthermore, the loss of invertebrate, nocturnal and wild pollinators has a more substantial impact than the loss of vertebrate, diurnal or managed pollinators. Overall, our findings consistently underscore the positive role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem functioning, highlighting the urgency of mitigating factors that lead to the decline in pollinator species diversity.

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Fig. 1: Geographical distribution of the observations.
Fig. 2: Summary of published evidence for the impacts of pollinator diversity loss on plant reproductive success.
Fig. 3: Forest plots showing effect sizes including overall and across crop and wild plants.
Fig. 4: Forest plots showing effect sizes across different moderator variables.
Fig. 5: Effect of pollinator diversity loss on the main plant reproductive success measures across different climatic zones.
Fig. 6: Effect of the loss of different pollinator types on the main plant reproductive success measures.

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Data availability

The data used in this study are available via Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13319777 (ref. 299) and articles included in the study are visible in the source data.

Code availability

The code used in this study is available via Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13319777 (ref. 299).

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Acknowledgements

M.A. acknowledges her PhD funding (PIF20/174) from Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (University of the Basque Country). P.A.M. was funded by an Ikerbasque Fellowship. A.M. acknowledges funding from a Ministry of Science and Innovation grant (PID2021-127900NB-I00), the Basque Government through PIBA projects (2024RTE00060004), the European Union (ERC, GorBEEa 101086771), an Ikerbasque Research Professorship and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Social Fund through the Ramón y Cajal Program (RYC2021-032351-I). Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. This research is supported by María de Maeztu Excellence Unit 2023-2027 ref. CEX2021-001201-M, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain

    Maddi Artamendi

  2. Basque Centre for Climate Change-BC3, Leioa, Spain

    Maddi Artamendi, Philip A. Martin & Ainhoa Magrach

  3. Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain

    Philip A. Martin & Ainhoa Magrach

  4. Estación Biológica de Doñana, (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain

    Ignasi Bartomeus

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M.A., I.B. and A.M. conceived and designed the experiments. M.A. and A.M. performed the experiments and analysed the data. M.A. and P.A.M. contributed materials/analysis tools. M.A., P.A.M., I.B. and A.M. were involved in writing the article.

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Artamendi, M., Martin, P.A., Bartomeus, I. et al. Loss of pollinator diversity consistently reduces reproductive success for wild and cultivated plants. Nat Ecol Evol 9, 296–313 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02595-2

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