Fig. 4: Hydrogen fuel cell performance.

a, H2/O2 and H2/air AEMFC performance testing using Ni@C-MoOx as the anode and 60% Pt/Ccom as the cathode catalysts. Test conditions: cell temperature, 80 °C; cathode humidifier temperature, 80 °C; anode humidifier temperature, 65 °C; H2 flow rate, 0.5 l min−1; O2/air flow rate, 1.0 l min−1; and with back pressure on both anode and cathode sides, 200 kPa. b, Comparison of the peak power density per unit mass of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with other previously reported data of non-Pt anodes. c, H2 starvation test for the MEA using Ni@C-MoOx anode and NiMoOx anode, respectively. d, H2 starvation test for the MEA using Ni@C-MoOx anode. In c and d, ‘fuel on’ means supplying H2 fuel for the anode, whereas ‘fuel off’ means supplying N2 instead of H2 for the anode.