Fig. 5: Coordination analysis.

a, Normalized Ni k-edge XANES spectra of Ni@C-MoOx (the inset shows the corresponding Fourier transforms of k3-weighted EXAFS spectra) and the spectra of NiMoOx and Ni foil for comparison. b, Normalized Mo k-edge XANES spectra. c, Normalized C k-edge XANES spectra. d, Corresponding Fourier transforms of k3-weighted EXAFS spectra for Mo. e, Schematic diagrams of the distorted octahedron structure of MoOx and the less-distorted octahedron structure of C-MoOx after carbon doping to replace some Mo–O with Mo–C coordination, where the cyan ball represents Mo, the red ball represents O and the grey ball represents C (note: MoO3 adopts a distorted octahedron structure, whereas MoO2 adopts an octahedron structure. In a–c, χμ is the absorption coefficient of component; in d, χ(R) represents the reduced distance between atoms.