Fig. 7: Raw material and assembled pack costs of liquid- and solid-state batteries.
From: Techno-economic assessment of thin lithium metal anodes for solid-state batteries
a–d, Breakdown of raw material costs for liquid- (a) and solid-state (b) batteries, and pack costs for liquid- (c) and solid-state (d) batteries. Area is scaled to US$ kWh−1 and liquid-state data are taken from BatPac. All data assume a cell yield of 95% and a gigafactory output of 35 GWh yr−1. For solid-state materials, anode costs are replaced with lithium metal, while separator and electrolyte costs are replaced with SE costs (US$50 kg−1). The CAM is taken to be NCM811 in both cases, with an areal capacity of 5.4 mAh cm−2, a discharge capacity of 210 mAh g−1 and an average potential of 3.8 V. All pack costs are calculated with an energy cost of US$0.207 kWh−1 and a financing cost of 5%. Solid-state pack costs incorporate the calculated material costs and TE as the anode production cost, while other production costs are taken from the liquid state as a proxy.
