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Inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells with 25.1% certified efficiency via bottom contact modulation

Nature Energy volume 10, pages 513–525 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Wide-bandgap perovskites in monolithic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells face challenges such as unregulated crystallization, severe defect traps, poor energetic alignment and undesirable phase transitions, primarily due to unfavourable bottom interfacial contact. These issues lead to energy loss and device degradation. In this Article, we synthesize acidic magnesium-doped tin oxide quantum dots to modulate the bottom interface contact in wide-bandgap CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells. This design balances physical, chemical, structural and energetic properties, passivating defects, optimizing energy band alignment, enhancing perovskite film growth and mitigating instability. We also elucidate the instability mechanism caused by alkaline-based tin oxide bottom contact, emphasizing the impact of the tin oxide solution’s acid/base properties on the stability and performance of the device. Consequently, the wide-bandgap CsPbI2Br solar cell achieves a power conversion efficiency of 19.2% with a 1.44 V open-circuit voltage. The perovskite/organic tandem solar cell demonstrates an efficiency of 25.9% (certified at 25.1%), with improved stability under various conditions.

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Fig. 1: Properties of acidic M-SQDs with adjustable features and DFT theoretical calculation.
Fig. 2: Characterizations of CsPbI2Br perovskite on modulated bottom ETL contacts.
Fig. 3: Depth-profiling GIWAXS characterization on the degradation pathway of the CsPbI2Br perovskite.
Fig. 4: Photovoltaic performance of single-junction CsPbI2Br PSCs and OSCs.
Fig. 5: Photovoltaic performance of monolithic all-inorganic perovskite/organic TSCs.

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All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the Article are present in the paper and/or the supplementary materials and are also available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (project ID: 15221320, 15307922, C5037-18G, C4005-22Y, C7018-20G), RGC Senior Research Fellowship Scheme (SRFS2223-5S01), the Hong Kong Polytechnic University: Sir Sze-yuen Chung Endowed Professorship Fund (8-8480), RISE (Q-CDBK), PRI (Q-CD7X), G-SAC5, Innovation and Technology Fund ITF-TCFS (GHP/380/22GD) and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices (GDSTC number 2019B121205001), all received by G.L. Z.R. acknowledges financial support from the Start-up Fund for RAPs under the Strategic Hiring Scheme (1-BD1H), RI-iWEAR Strategic Supporting Scheme (1-CD94) and Innovation and Technology Fund ITF-ITSP (ITS/184/23) for this work. We express our sincere gratitude to Y. M. Luo and Prof. J. Y. Wu for their invaluable support with the time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry measurements. We are also very grateful to T. A. Dela Peña for his help in the transient absorption spectroscopy measurement.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Yu Han, Jiehao Fu, Zhiwei Ren, Jiangsheng Yu.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Materials and Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Yu Han, Jiehao Fu, Zhiwei Ren, Jiangsheng Yu, Qiong Liang, Xiyun Xie, Dongyang Li, Ruijie Ma, Menghua Cao, Jiaqi He, Kuan Liu, Patrick W. K. Fong, Jiaming Huang, Lei Cheng, Jiyao Zhang, Guang Yang & Gang Li

  2. Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), Photonics Research Institute (PRI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Zhiwei Ren, Kuan Liu, Guang Yang & Gang Li

  3. Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems (iWEAR), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Zhiwei Ren & Gang Li

  4. Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Zhihang Xu, Chen Yang & Ye Zhu

  5. Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China

    Yonggui Sun & Hanlin Hu

  6. Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Xiaoming Chang

  7. Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Heng Liu & Xinhui Lu

  8. Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China

    Zhike Liu & Dongfang Xu

  9. The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Qidong Tai

  10. School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Qianqian Lin

  11. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Yang Yang

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  1. Yu Han
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Contributions

Conceptualization: G.L., Z.R. and Y.H. Supervision: G.L., Y.Y. and Z.R. Device fabrication: Y.H., J.F. and J.Y. Writing–original draft: Y.H. and Z.R. Writing–discussion, review, editing and finalization: Y.H., Z.R., G.L. and Y.Y. Device characterization and data analysis: Y.H., Z.R., J.F., J.Y., Q. Liang, Z.X., X.X., D.L., R.M., M.C., Y.S., C.Y., J. He, X.C., K.L., P.W.K.F., J. Huang, H.L., Z.L., D.X., L.C., J.Z., G.Y., X.L., Y.Z., Q.T., Q. Lin, H.H. Optical simulation: J.Y. All authors participated in the discussion of the results and provided feedback on the paper.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Zhiwei Ren, Yang Yang or Gang Li.

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Nature Energy thanks Jin-Wook Lee, Arafat Mahmud and Zhan’ao Tan for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Figs. 1–52, Tables 1–11 and Refs. 1–43.

Reporting Summary

Supplementary Data 1

PV parameters of single-junction perovskite solar cells.

Supplementary Data 2

PV parameters of perovskite/organic tandem solar cells.

Source data

Source Data Fig. 1

XRD patterns of SQDs powders with varying concentrations of Mg dopants. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of O core levels of intrinsic and Mg-SQDs.

Source Data Fig. 2

ToF-SIMS depth profiles of CsPbI2Br perovskite on M-SQDs-coated FTO substrate.

Source Data Fig. 4

J–V curves and PCE statistic of the Com-SnO2, SQDs and M-SQDs-based devices. EQE curve of M-SQDs-based PSC. J–V curve and EQE curve of OSC with a n–i–p architecture.

Source Data Fig. 4b

Additional statistical source data.

Source Data Fig. 5

EQE curves of PSC and OSC within POTSCs. Normalized PCEs of TSCs based on Com-SnO2, SQDs and M-SQDs during temperature cycle tests from −40 °C to 85 °C.

Source Data Fig. 5e

Additional statistical source data.

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Han, Y., Fu, J., Ren, Z. et al. Inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells with 25.1% certified efficiency via bottom contact modulation. Nat Energy 10, 513–525 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01742-8

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