Fig. 1: State transition of Arctic FWC.
From: Arctic freshwater anomaly transiting to the North Atlantic delayed within a buffer zone
a–c, FWC anomaly in 2009 (a), 2019 (b) and 2022 (c) relative to the climatological mean over 1980–2004 in the FESOM simulation. d,e, Time series of FWC anomaly relative to the climatological mean in the Beaufort Gyre region (d) and buffer zone (e) in the FESOM simulation. The hydrography-based FWC anomaly in the Beaufort Gyre region, provided in refs. 12,13, is presented as mean values ± one standard deviation (error bars) in d. The uncertainty of satellite-based estimates in d is about ±3.9%, as provided in ref. 12. The Beaufort Gyre region and buffer zone are indicated in a–c with black and magenta lines, respectively. Other main geographic areas mentioned in the text are labelled in c: EEB, eastern Eurasian Basin; MB, Makarov Basin; WCB, western Canada Basin; FS, Fram Strait; DS, Davis Strait.
