Fig. 4: Generalized conceptual model of double subduction-induced orogeny and a proposed Mesozoic case associated with the Neotethys SDDS system.

a, A conceptual model illustrating the impact on trench dynamics, transitioning from trench retreat to trench advance, triggered by the onset of an SDSS on a plate capable of transmitting slab pull between trenches. This model illustrates the tectonic effects of this process, highlighting plate margin compression occurring away from the SDSS. For simplicity, the upper-right panel depicts a fixed upper plate. The conceptual framework builds on the established understanding of SDSS dynamics^{2,3,5,6,13,14,15} and our own results on the tectonic effects on nearby plate margins. b, Proposal of a double subduction-induced orogenic event based on the documentation of Late Cretaceous plate margin and intraplate compression^71,73,74 west of the contemporaneous Neotethys SDDS system¹⁴. Global and regional plate kinematic reconstructions for the late Early to Late Cretaceous are from ref.¹⁴ and ref. ³⁹, respectively. Panel b adapted with permission from: main maps, ref. ¹⁴, Springer Nature Limited; inset, ref. ³⁹ under a Creative Commons licence CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.