Table 1 Characteristics at the start of preconception, antepartum and postpartum period between mothers and fathers: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Sweden, 2001–2021

From: Sex difference in parental risk of suicide attempt during and after pregnancy in Sweden

  

Mothers

Fathers

Chi square

Degree of freedom

P value

  

PYs

%

PYs

%

   

Total

 

5,394,157

100.00

5,163,556

100.00

   

Age group (year)

11–19

91,196

1.69

29,252

0.57

55,6131.56

5

<0.001

20–24

677,192

12.55

326,485

6.32

25–29

1,676,347

31.08

1,187,179

22.99

30–34

1,845,242

34.21

1,742,963

33.76

35–39

907,971

16.83

1,174,251

22.74

≥40

196,209

3.64

703,426

13.62

Calendar year

2001–2005

1,280,222

23.73

1,252,895

24.26

740.64

3

<0.001

2006–2010

1,330,858

24.67

1,284,403

24.87

2011–2015

1,377,865

25.54

1,312,123

25.41

2016–2021

1,405,212

26.05

1,314,135

25.45

Educational level (years)

<10

562,726

10.43

599,578

11.61

118,401.15

3

<0.001

10–12

2,036,515

37.75

2,427,582

47.01

≥13

2,656,123

49.24

2,028,559

39.29

Unknown

138,793

2.57

107,837

2.09

Country of birth

Sweden

4,183,632

77.56

4,058,701

78.60

2,606.11

3

<0.001

Europe

429,991

7.97

413,737

8.01

Other

780,142

14.46

690,733

13.38

Unknown

392

0.01

385

0.01

Civil status

Cohabitating

4,425,947

82.05

4,298,744

83.25

2,651.59

1

<0.001

Non-cohabitating

968,210

17.95

864,812

16.75

Income levela

Quantile 1

1,197,662

22.20

874,152

16.93

90,656.86

5

<0.001

 

Quantile 2

1,126,081

20.88

979,029

18.96

 

Quantile 3

1,080,117

20.02

1,029,836

19.94

 

Quantile 4

1,037,563

19.23

1,074,490

20.81

 

Quantile 5

932,421

17.29

1,164,380

22.55

 

Unknown

20,313

0.38

41,669

0.81

Primiparityb

No

2,876,277

53.32

2,759,100

53.43

13.30

1

<0.001

Yes

2,517,880

46.68

2,404,456

46.57

History of psychiatric disorders

No

4,175,163

77.40

4,336,495

83.98

84,583.95

2

<0.001

Depressive disorders

439,452

8.15

237,725

4.60

Other psychiatric disorders

779,542

14.45

589,336

11.41

History of suicide attempt

No

5,235,196

97.05

5,050,495

97.81

6,027.79

1

<0.001

Yes

158,961

2.95

113,061

2.19

Seasonc

Spring

1,345,424

24.94

1,288,110

24.95

1.40

3

0.705

Summer

1,419,427

26.31

1,360,092

26.34

Fall

1,363,383

25.28

1,304,811

25.27

Winter

1,265,923

23.47

1,210,543

23.44

  1. PY, person-year.
  2. aQuantiles 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 represent 0–20th percentile (lowest), 21–40th percentile, 41–60th percentile, 61–80th percentile and 81–100th percentile (highest) of the income distribution, respectively.
  3. bFor mothers, we collected data on parity, and for fathers, we collected data on number of pregnancies of the women who share biological children with them.
  4. cThe season of spring includes months from March to May, summer includes June to August, fall includes September to November and winter includes December to February.
  5. Two-sided chi-square tests were used to compare characteristics between fathers and mothers.
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