Extended Data Fig. 1: Fabrication of bioconstructs for VML therapy.

a, Surgical procedure of the VML model. (i) TA muscles were exposed, (ii) 7 × 2 × 2 mm (length × width × depth) defects were created, (iii) scaffolds were implanted, and (iv) muscles were closed. b, Quantification of the weight of TA muscles with and without VML surgery (n = 6 biologically independent experiments). c, d, Quantification of TA muscle weight (c) and maximum tetanic force (d) 6 weeks following VML surgery (n = 6 and 4 biologically independent experiments for c and d, respectively). e, H&E and immunofluorescence staining of muscles with and without decellularization. Scale bar, 50 μm. f, Porosity of dECM scaffolds. Representative images of H&E staining (i), quantification of porosity (ii), and size distribution of the pores (iii) of dECM scaffold before and after lyophilization. (iv) A representative SEM image of lyophilized dECM scaffold. Scale bar, 25 μm. g, Quantification the average size (i) and size distribution of NC^Ly(Low) (ii), NC^Ly(Medium) (iii), and NC^Ly(High) (iv) constructs with and without PEGylation compared with Lysozyme (n = 6 independent synthesis experiments). h, A representative TEM image of Lysozyme, labeled with one 5-nm gold nanoparticle per protein. Scale bar, 25 nm. i, Relative cell viability of C2C12 cells treated with different NCs (n = 5 independent synthesis experiments). j, Loading efficiency of NCs on dECM scaffold. (i) The concentration of DBCO moieties per scaffold with varying DBCO-PEG4-NHS ester amounts (left) and the conjugation efficiency (right) (n = 3 independent synthesis experiments). (ii) The concentration of NC^Ly(low) constructs per scaffold with the maximum DBCO number (left) and the conjugation efficiency (right) (n = 6 independent synthesis experiments). Data in b-d, f, g, i, j are presented as the mean ± SEM. P values in c, d, f, g were determined by two-sided t test. **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001; ns, not significant.

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