Extended Data Fig. 4: Five mixed HCC fecal microbiota transplantation initiates hepatocarcinogenesis in germ-free mice without DEN treatment.
(a) Design of FMT experiment to germ-free mice (PBS group n=10; HD-FMT group n=12; HCC-FMT group n=9). (b) Representative images of liver gross morphology (yellow circles indicate nodules) and H&E staining of mice liver sections. n=10 (PBS), 12 (HD-FMT), 9 (HCC-FMT). (c) IHC staining for Ki-67 and PCNA. n=6 biologically independent samples. (d) Mouse Cancer Pathway Finder PCR Array and Inflammatory Response and Autoimmunity PCR Array of liver tissues. n=3 independent experiments with similar results. (e) Th1, Th17, and Th2 cells infiltration in liver was determined by flow cytometry. n=3 biologically independent samples. (f) α-SMA and Desmin IHC staining, and Sirius red staining of liver sections. n=6 biologically independent samples. Data (excluding incidence of dysplasia and PCR array results) are presented as mean ± SEM. Each data point in bar plots represents one mouse. Incidence of dysplasia was calculated using Fisher’s exact test. Unless otherwise stated, statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA. Adjustments were made for multiple comparisons.
