Fig. 2: RNAaemia and adaptive immune responses induced by vaccination.
a, Viral RNA AUC in individuals with detectable RNAaemia after JE/YF17D (n = 15) or YF17D (n = 15) vaccination. b,c, Neutralizing antibody titres (PRNT50) against JE SA 14-14-2 (b) and YF17D (c) 28 days after JE/YF17D (n = 17) or YF17D (n = 16) vaccination. The black dashed line indicates minimum serum dilution of 1:20. PRNT50 titres < 1:20 were conservatively considered to be 1:10. d–f, Anti-JE E antibody levels (d), anti-YF E antibody levels (e) and anti-YF NS1 levels (f) 28 days after JE/YF17D (n = 17) or YF17D (n = 16) vaccination. The P/N ratio was calculated by dividing the absorbance value of the vaccine sera by that of the day 0 (naive) sera. The black dotted lines indicate a positive threshold (P/N > 1). g, Whole blood from JE/YF17D (n = 17) or YF17D (n = 16) vaccinees was stimulated with individual peptide pools covering the entire YF17D C, NS3 and NS5 proteins, and the JE and YF17D E proteins, or DMSO, after which the concentration of secreted IFNγ was measured. h–j, T cell response against YF17D C (h), NS3 (i) and NS5 (j) pre- and post-vaccination in JE/YF17D (n = 17, blue bars; mean) or YF17D (n = 16, red bars; mean) vaccinees. k, Total response was calculated by summing the responses to C, NS3 and NS5 for each individual vaccinee. l,m, T cell response against the heterologous JE E (l) and YF E (m) proteins pre- and post-vaccination in JE/YF17D (n = 17, blue bars; mean) or YF17D (n = 16, red bars; mean) vaccinees. n,o, Frequency of activated (CD38+HLA-DR+) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells on day 14 post-vaccination in a subset of JE/YF17D (n = 12) (n) and YF17D (n = 10) (o) vaccinees. Values plotted are after subtraction of the baseline (day 0 pre-vaccination) activation frequency. In all figures, the dots represent individual vaccinees. The black horizontal bars represent the mean. P values were calculated with a two-tailed paired or unpaired Student’s t-test or two-tailed unpaired Mann–Whitney U test. NS, not significant.
