Extended Data Fig. 3: Archaeal community structure and core lipid composition following cell acid hydrolysis.

a, Abundance of Bathyarchaeia, estimated by 16S rRNA gene copy numbers after 30 days’ incubation. Data are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 3 biological replicates; independent culture bottles). b, Archaeal community composition at the phylum/class level (left) and Bathyarchaeia subgroup/genus level (right). The Bathyarchaeia community was primarily composed of Baizosediminiarchaeum (93.4%), with Baizomonas comprising 6.5%. “Others” refers to unclassified archaeal taxa. c, Composition of core lipids (CLs) released after acid hydrolysis of archaeal cells. The left bar shows the total distribution of major lipid classes—archaeol (AR), butanetriol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (BDGTs), and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). The right bar displays the relative proportions of individual BDGT (BDGT-0 to BDGT-2) and GDGT (GDGT-0 to GDGT-3) homologues.