Extended Data Fig. 1: Characterization of NCAPs.
From: Autophagosomes coated in situ with nanodots act as personalized cancer vaccines
a, SEM images of PBS-treated and Ti2NX nanodot-treated CT26 cells at 8 h. The experiments were repeated three times. Scale bar, 1 μm. b, SEM images of the control group and NCAP, NCAP escaped from Ti2NX nanodot-treated CT26 cells at 24 h. The experiments were repeated three times. Scale bar in control, 5 μm; Scale bar in Ti2NX group (24 h), 2 μm. c, SEM EDS analysis of NCAP. d, Size distribution of NCAP. e, Three-dimensional tomographic images showing the location of Ti2NX nanodots (40 μg/mL) in 4T1 tumour cells at 8 h, observed by soft transmission X-ray microscopy with nano-CT. f, Ti elemental distribution, determined by dual-energy (465 eV and 455 eV) contrast imaging of soft X-ray protection images. NCAPs were removed from Ti2NX nanodot-treated tumour cells for in situ observation (the concentration of the Ti2NX nanodot was 80 μg/mL). Suspension cells were first deposited onto a nickel EM grid, grown, and then incubated with Ti2NX nanodots. Hydrated NCAPs were directly cryopreserved via plunge freezing for cryo-soft X-ray imaging. The experiments were repeated three times. Scale bar, 200 nm.
