Fig. 1: Colloidal stabilization and crystallization kinetics of THP films with and without Cs+ incorporation.
From: Homogeneous 2D/3D heterostructured tin halide perovskite photovoltaics
a, Schematic illustration of the primary colloidal stabilization of PEA-rich colloids and FA-based colloids, cluster formation and nucleation kinetics, and the growth processes of 2D/3D THPs with and without Cs+ incorporation. b, Colloidal cluster size distributions of THP precursor solutions (Cs0–Cs20) with different Cs+ ratios of 0–20 mol% characterized via DLS. The dashed line refers to the evolution of the average colloidal cluster size with different Cs+ ratios. c, In situ observation of the XRD patterns of Cs0 and Cs5 wet films (at 0 min following spin-coating) upon post-annealing treatment from 20 to 80 °C (at a ramp rate of 1 °C min−1) and being held at 80 °C for 10 min. The intensities of the 2D peaks are amplified 100-fold. (110)3D denotes the diffraction of the (110) plane of the 3D perovskite; (002)n=1, (002)n=2, (004)n=2 and (006)n=2 indicate the diffraction of the specific 2D perovskite plane with n = 1 or 2. d, XRD patterns (3–15°) of Cs0 and Cs5 wet films before annealing (# denotes residual SnI2). e, XRD patterns of polycrystalline Cs0 (top) and Cs5 (bottom) films after post-annealing treatment. The insets show the amplified diffraction peaks of the 2D perovskites for the 3–13° range. (110)3D and (220)3D are, respectively, the main diffraction peaks of the (110) and (220) planes of the 3D perovskites.
