Fig. 5: 3D representation of ionization-injected e– bunch. | Nature Photonics

Fig. 5: 3D representation of ionization-injected e– bunch.

From: Revealing the three-dimensional structure of microbunched plasma-wakefield-accelerated electron beams

Fig. 5

a, PIC simulation of density distribution ρ(x, y, z) of the STII e– bunch after exiting the LWFA, projected onto the y–z plane. b,c, Parameterized representation of laser-induced modulation at the leading edge (b) and ionization-induced higher-frequency modulation at the tail of a (c). d, Combination of the data in b and c with the unmodulated middle section of the data in a. e, The first row shows the measured COTR images from a single shot at the eight corresponding central wavelengths. The bottom three rows show the best-fit COTR images generated by the optimized distributions in b–d. The colour scale in each column is normalized to the brightest image in that column.

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