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  • Review Article
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End-to-end design of wearable sensors

Nature Reviews Materials volume 7, pages 887–907 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Wearable devices provide an alternative pathway to clinical diagnostics by exploiting various physical, chemical and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (preferably, continuously) and in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. These sensors can be worn in the form of glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and textiles. Wearables such as smartwatches have already proved their capability for the early detection and monitoring of the progression and treatment of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and Parkinson disease, through biophysical signals. Next-generation wearable sensors that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed measurement of physical parameters and biochemical markers in real time and continuously could be a transformative technology for diagnostics, allowing for high-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of the health status of an individual. In this Review, we examine the building blocks of such wearable sensors, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules and decision-making units, by reflecting on the recent developments in the materials, engineering and data science of these components. Finally, we synthesize current trends in the field to provide predictions for the future trajectory of wearable sensors.

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Fig. 1: Timeline of major milestones in the development of wearable sensors and a summary of their building blocks.
Fig. 2: The decision-making unit and its working principles.
Fig. 3: Energy harvesting methods.

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Acknowledgements

H.C.A. and C.D. thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) for funding this work (grant numbers 404478562 and 446617142). F.G. and L.G.-M. thank the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Grand Challenges Explorations scheme under grant number OPP1212574) and the US Army (US Army Foreign Technology (and Science) Assessment Support (FTAS) programme under grant number W911QY-20-R-0022) for their generous support. E.M.-N. acknowledges financial support from CONACYT (Mexico, grant numbers 312271 and 376135) and IDEA-GTO (grant number MA-CFINN0997). P.Q.N. and J.J.C. were supported by the Wyss Institute.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: H. Ceren Ates, Peter Q. Nguyen.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    H. Ceren Ates & Can Dincer

  2. IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    H. Ceren Ates & Can Dincer

  3. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    Peter Q. Nguyen & James J. Collins

  4. Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Laura Gonzalez-Macia & Firat Güder

  5. Biophotonic Nanosensors Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, León, Mexico

    Eden Morales-Narváez

  6. Institute of Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA

    James J. Collins

  7. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA

    James J. Collins

Authors
  1. H. Ceren Ates
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the discussion of content and edited the article before submission. H.C.A., P.Q.N., L.G.-M., E.M.-N., F.G. and C.D. also researched data for the article and contributed to the writing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to James J. Collins or Can Dincer.

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J.J.C. is a cofounder and director of Sherlock Biosciences. F.G. is a cofounder and sharefolder of Spyras. The other authors declare no competing interests.

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Nature Reviews Materials thanks Jerald Yoo and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Related links

FreeStyle Libre glucose monitoring system: https://www.freestylelibre.co.uk/libre/

Gx Sweat Patch: https://www.gatorade.com/gear/tech/gx-sweat-patch/2-pack

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Ates, H.C., Nguyen, P.Q., Gonzalez-Macia, L. et al. End-to-end design of wearable sensors. Nat Rev Mater 7, 887–907 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-022-00460-x

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