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Materials and device strategies to enhance spatiotemporal resolution in bioelectronics

Nature Reviews Materials volume 10, pages 425–448 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Spatiotemporal resolution is a cornerstone of bioelectronics, enabling precise observation and control of biological events at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. In this Review, we analyse recent advancements in spatiotemporal resolution essential for applications such as neuroprosthetics, cardiac monitoring and biosensing, with a focus on devices utilizing electrical, electrochemical and optoelectronic signal transduction. We define the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of spatial and temporal resolution and highlight high-performance materials and device architectures — including electrodes, transistors and optoelectronic interfaces — that drive these capabilities. Strategies such as device miniaturization, 3D fabrication and multifunctional integration are evaluated for their capacity to improve resolution, particularly within the complex microenvironments of biological tissues. However, challenges persist, including signal interference, device stability and the demand for reliable long-term operation. Overcoming these obstacles requires continuous innovation in materials science, device engineering and computational approaches. Enhanced spatiotemporal resolution holds promise for advancing diagnostic precision, therapeutic responsiveness and our understanding of dynamic biological systems across biomedical disciplines.

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Fig. 1: Spatiotemporal resolutions in biology and bioelectronics.
Fig. 2: Device physics for high-resolution bioelectronic interfaces.
Fig. 3: Representative materials for high-resolution bioelectronic probing, using bottom–up and top–down methods.
Fig. 4: Enhancing neural signal recording through materials and device design.

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Acknowledgements

B.T. acknowledges support from the US Army Research Office (W911NF-24-1-0053) and the National Institutes of Health (1R01EB036091-01).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Jing Zhang  (张菁) & Bozhi Tian  (田博之)

  2. Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Zhe Cheng  (成哲) & Bozhi Tian  (田博之)

  3. Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Pengju Li  (黎鹏举)

  4. The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Bozhi Tian  (田博之)

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  1. Jing Zhang  (张菁)
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  4. Bozhi Tian  (田博之)
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B.T. and P.L. conceived the manuscript. All authors contributed to the writing, discussion and reviewing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Pengju Li  (黎鹏举) or Bozhi Tian  (田博之).

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Nature Reviews Materials thanks Guosong Hong, who co-reviewed with Han Cui; Mario Caironi, who co-reviewed with Adrica Kyndiah; and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Zhang, J., Cheng, Z., Li, P. et al. Materials and device strategies to enhance spatiotemporal resolution in bioelectronics. Nat Rev Mater 10, 425–448 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-025-00798-y

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