Fig. 2: Stage-based management of COVID-19 AKI.

The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19 (COVID-19 AKI) likely involves direct viral effects, indirect effects and sequelae from disease management. There is no specific evidence to suggest that COVID-19 AKI should be managed differently from other causes of AKI in critically ill patients; however, the possible underlying disease mechanisms should be taken into account when considering approaches to the management of COVID-19 AKI throughout the disease course. Adapted with permission from ref.61, Elsevier, and Acute Disease Quality Initiative 25, www.ADQI.org, CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).