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Reply to: Caution over the use of ecological big data for conservation

Nature volume 595, pages E20–E28 (2021)Cite this article

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The Original Article was published on 07 July 2021

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replying to A. V. Harry & J. M. Braccini Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03463-w (2021)

Our global analysis1 estimated the overlap and fishing exposure risk (FEI) using the space use of satellite-tracked sharks and longline fishing effort monitored by the automatic identification system (AIS). In the accompanying Comment, Harry and Braccini2 draw attention to two localized shark–longline vessel overlap hotspots in Australian waters, stating that 47 fishing vessels were misclassified as longline and purse seine vessels in the Global Fishing Watch (GFW)3 2012–2016 AIS fishing effort data product that we used. This, they propose2, results in misidentifications that highlight fishing exposure hotspots that are subject to an unexpected level of sensitivity in the analysis and they suggest that misidentifications could broadly affect the calculations of fishing exposure and the central conclusions of our study1. We acknowledged in our previously published paper1 that gear reclassifications were likely to occur for a small percentage of the more than 70,000 vessels studied, however, here we demonstrate that even using much larger numbers of vessel reclassifications than those proposed by Harry and Braccini2, the central results and conclusions of our paper1 do not change.

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Fig. 1: Comparing AIS longline fishing datasets.
Fig. 2: Example effects of random deletions of fishing effort data on exposure risk patterns.

Data availability

Data used to prepare the maps (shark relative spatial density, longline-fishing effort and shark–longline-fishing overlap and FEI) are available on GitHub (https://github.com/GlobalSharkMovement/GlobalSpatialRisk).

Code availability

Code used to prepare the maps (shark relative spatial density, longline-fishing effort and shark–longline-fishing overlap and FEI) is available on GitHub (https://github.com/GlobalSharkMovement/GlobalSpatialRisk).

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Acknowledgements

Funding support was provided by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (NE/R00997/X/1), European Research Council (ERC-AdG-2019 883583 OCEAN DEOXYFISH) (D.W.S.), Australian Research Council (ARC DP210103091) (A.M.M.S. and D.W.S.), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia CEECIND/02857/2018 (N.Q.), PTDC/BIA-COM/28855/2017 (M.V.) and a 2020 Pew Fellowship in Marine Conservation (A.M.M.S.). This research is part of the Global Shark Movement Project (http://globalsharkmovement.org/).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Taylor K. Chapple

    Present address: Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA

  2. Bonnie J. Holmes

    Present address: The University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal

    Nuno Queiroz, Ana Couto, Marisa Vedor, Ivo da Costa, Gonzalo Mucientes & António M. Santos

  2. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, UK

    Nuno Queiroz, Nicolas E. Humphries, Lara L. Sousa, Samantha J. Simpson, Emily J. Southall & David W. Sims

  3. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Marisa Vedor & António M. Santos

  4. UWA Oceans Institute, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

    Ana M. M. Sequeira

  5. School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

    Ana M. M. Sequeira

  6. Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

    Francisco J. Abascal

  7. Abercrombie and Fish, Port Jefferson Station, NY, USA

    Debra L. Abercrombie

  8. Marine Biology and Aquaculture Unit, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia

    Katya Abrantes, Adam Barnett, Richard Fitzpatrick & Marcus Sheaves

  9. Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

    David Acuña-Marrero

  10. Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Recife, Brazil

    André S. Afonso, Natalia P. A. Bezerra, Fábio H. V. Hazin, Fernanda O. Lana, Bruno C. L. Macena & Paulo Travassos

  11. MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Peniche, Portugal

    André S. Afonso

  12. MARE, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal

    Pedro Afonso, Jorge Fontes & Frederic Vandeperre

  13. Institute of Marine Research (IMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal

    Pedro Afonso, Jorge Fontes, Bruno C. L. Macena & Frederic Vandeperre

  14. Okeanos - Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal

    Pedro Afonso, Jorge Fontes & Frederic Vandeperre

  15. Department of Environmental Affairs, Oceans and Coasts Research, Cape Town, South Africa

    Darrell Anders, Michael A. Meÿer, Sarika Singh & Laurenne B. Snyders

  16. Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Jagna, Philippines

    Gonzalo Araujo

  17. Fins Attached Marine Research and Conservation, Colorado Springs, CO, USA

    Randall Arauz

  18. Programa Restauración de Tortugas Marinas PRETOMA, San José, Costa Rica

    Randall Arauz

  19. MigraMar, Olema, CA, USA

    Randall Arauz, Sandra Bessudo Lion, Eduardo Espinoza, Alex R. Hearn, Mauricio Hoyos, James T. Ketchum, A. Peter Klimley, Cesar Peñaherrera-Palma, George Shillinger, German Soler & Patricia M. Zárate

  20. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR MARBEC (IRD, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS), Sète, France

    Pascal Bach, Antonin V. Blaison, Laurent Dagorn, John D. Filmalter, Fabien Forget, Francois Poisson, Marc Soria & Mariana T. Tolotti

  21. Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA

    Diego Bernal & Heather Marshall

  22. Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

    Michael L. Berumen, Jesse E. M. Cochran & Carlos M. Duarte

  23. Fundación Malpelo y Otros Ecosistemas Marinos, Bogota, Colombia

    Sandra Bessudo Lion, Felipe Ladino, Lina Maria Quintero & German Soler

  24. Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA

    Barbara A. Block, Taylor K. Chapple, George Shillinger & Timothy D. White

  25. Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA

    Mark E. Bond, Demian D. Chapman & Yannis P. Papastamatiou

  26. Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil

    Ramon Bonfil

  27. School of Fishery and Aquatic Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Camrin D. Braun

  28. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA

    Camrin D. Braun & Simon R. Thorrold

  29. Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera, Bahamas

    Edward J. Brooks, Annabelle Brooks & Sean Williams

  30. University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Annabelle Brooks

  31. South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, Stanley, Falkland Islands

    Judith Brown

  32. Department of Biological Sciences, The Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA

    Michael E. Byrne, Mahmood Shivji, Jeremy J. Vaudo & Bradley M. Wetherbee

  33. School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    Michael E. Byrne

  34. Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Steven E. Campana

  35. School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA

    Aaron B. Carlisle

  36. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, New Bedford, MA, USA

    John Chisholm & Gregory B. Skomal

  37. Marine Research Facility, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Christopher R. Clarke & James S. E. Lea

  38. PSL, Labex CORAIL, CRIOBE USR3278 EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Papetoai, French Polynesia

    Eric G. Clua

  39. Agence de Recherche pour la Biodiversité à la Réunion (ARBRE), Réunion, Marseille, France

    Estelle C. Crochelet

  40. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 228 ESPACE-DEV, Réunion, Marseille, France

    Estelle C. Crochelet

  41. Save Our Seas Foundation–D’Arros Research Centre (SOSF-DRC), Geneva, Switzerland

    Ryan Daly & Clare A. Keating Daly

  42. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Grahamstown, South Africa

    Ryan Daly, John D. Filmalter, Enrico Gennari & Alison A. Kock

  43. Department of Fisheries Evaluation, Fisheries Research Division, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Valparaíso, Chile

    Daniel Devia Cortés

  44. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Thomas K. Doyle & Luke Harman

  45. MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Thomas K. Doyle

  46. College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Michael Drew, Matthew Heard & Charlie Huveneers

  47. Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand

    Clinton A. J. Duffy

  48. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Geological Sciences, UKZN, Durban, South Africa

    Thor Erikson

  49. Direccion Parque Nacional Galapagos, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

    Eduardo Espinoza

  50. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre (UWA), Crawley Western Australia, Crawley, Australia

    Luciana C. Ferreira, Mark G. Meekan & Michele Thums

  51. Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

    Francesco Ferretti

  52. OCEARCH, Park City, Utah, USA

    G. Chris Fischer

  53. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Mark Fowler, Warren Joyce & Anna MacDonnell

  54. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand

    Malcolm P. Francis & Warrick S. Lyon

  55. Beneath the Waves, Herndon, VA, USA

    Austin J. Gallagher

  56. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    Austin J. Gallagher, Neil Hammerschlag & Emily R. Nelson

  57. Oceans Research Institute, Mossel Bay, South Africa

    Enrico Gennari

  58. Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa

    Enrico Gennari & Alison Towner

  59. SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Simon D. Goldsworthy & Paul J. Rogers

  60. Zoological Society of London, London, UK

    Matthew J. Gollock & Fiona Llewellyn

  61. Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

    Jonathan R. Green

  62. Griffith Centre for Coastal Management, Griffith University School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

    Johan A. Gustafson

  63. Saving the Blue, Cooper City, FL, USA

    Tristan L. Guttridge

  64. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama

    Hector M. Guzman

  65. Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA

    Neil Hammerschlag

  66. Galapagos Science Center, San Cristobal, Galapagos, Ecuador

    Alex R. Hearn

  67. Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador

    Alex R. Hearn

  68. Blue Water Marine Research, Tutukaka, New Zealand

    John C. Holdsworth

  69. University of QueenslandBrisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Bonnie J. Holmes

  70. Microwave Telemetry, Columbia, MD, USA

    Lucy A. Howey & Lance K. B. Jordan

  71. Pelagios-Kakunja, La Paz, Mexico

    Mauricio Hoyos & James T. Ketchum

  72. Mote Marine Laboratory, Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, FL, USA

    Robert E. Hueter, John J. Morris & John P. Tyminski

  73. Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada

    Nigel E. Hussey

  74. Cape Research and Diver Development, Simon’s Town, South Africa

    Dylan T. Irion

  75. Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK

    David M. P. Jacoby

  76. Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    Oliver J. D. Jewell

  77. Dyer Island Conservation Trust, Western Cape, South Africa

    Oliver J. D. Jewell & Alison Towner

  78. Blue Wilderness Research Unit, Scottburgh, South Africa

    Ryan Johnson

  79. University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    A. Peter Klimley

  80. Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, Steenberg, South Africa

    Alison A. Kock

  81. Shark Spotters, Fish Hoek, South Africa

    Alison A. Kock

  82. Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa

    Alison A. Kock

  83. Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, Elsenburg, South Africa

    Pieter Koen

  84. Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil

    Fernanda O. Lana

  85. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    James S. E. Lea

  86. Atlantic White Shark Conservancy, Chatham, MA, USA

    Heather Marshall

  87. Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

    Jaime D. McAllister, Jayson M. Semmens, German Soler & Kilian M. Stehfest

  88. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Manabi, Portoviejo, Ecuador

    Cesar Peñaherrera-Palma

  89. Marine Megafauna Foundation, Truckee, CA, USA

    Simon J. Pierce & Christoph A. Rohner

  90. Conservation and Fisheries Department, Ascension Island Government, Georgetown, Ascension Island, UK

    Andrew J. Richardson

  91. Marine Conservation Society Seychelles, Victoria, Seychelles

    David R. L. Rowat

  92. CORDIO, East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya

    Melita Samoilys

  93. Upwell, Monterey, CA, USA

    George Shillinger

  94. Department of Zoology and Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa

    Malcolm J. Smale

  95. National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan

    Yuuki Y. Watanabe

  96. SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan

    Yuuki Y. Watanabe

  97. Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK

    Sam B. Weber

  98. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA

    Bradley M. Wetherbee

  99. Department of Oceanography and Environment, Fisheries Research Division, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Valparaíso, Chile

    Patricia M. Zárate

  100. Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Robert Harcourt

  101. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

    Graeme C. Hays

  102. AZTI - BRTA, Pasaia, Spain

    Xabier Irigoien

  103. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain

    Xabier Irigoien

  104. Instituto de Fisica Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Victor M. Eguiluz

  105. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK

    Lara L. Sousa

  106. Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Samantha J. Simpson & David W. Sims

  107. Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    David W. Sims

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  1. Nuno Queiroz
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Contributions

N.Q. and D.W.S. planned the data analysis. N.Q. led the data analysis with contributions from M.V. and D.W.S. N.E.H. contributed analysis tools. D.W.S. led the manuscript writing with contributions from N.Q., N.E.H. and all authors. Seven of the original authors were not included in the Reply authorship; two authors retired from science and the remaining five, although supportive of our Reply, declined to join the authorship due to potential conflicts of interest with the authors of the Comment and/or their institutions.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David W. Sims.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Fig. 1 Comparing shark exposure risk between AIS longline fishing effort datasets.

a–d, Estimated exposure risk of sharks to capture by GFW AIS longline fishing effort across ocean regions for Queiroz et al.1 (a) compared with three improved data releases since the paper was published (b–d). The plots show minor effects of any changes on estimates of shark exposure risk from AIS longline fishing effort and confirm the global results and conclusions of our paper. a, Data from Queiroz et al.1. b, Data from GWF 2012–2016. c, Data from GWF 2012–2018. d, Data from GWF 2018.

Extended Data Table 1 Mean monthly spatial overlap estimates (%) of pelagic shark space use and AIS longline fishing effort for different AIS datasets
Full size table
Extended Data Table 2 Effect of 1% random deletion of fishing effort grid cells within each region on risk exposure estimates
Full size table
Extended Data Table 3 Effect of 5% random deletion of fishing effort grid cells within each region on risk exposure estimates
Full size table

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

This file contains Supplementary Methods, Supplementary Figures 1 and 2, and Supplementary Tables 1-7.

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Queiroz, N., Humphries, N.E., Couto, A. et al. Reply to: Caution over the use of ecological big data for conservation. Nature 595, E20–E28 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03464-9

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