Extended Data Fig. 11: IL-7 is upregulated in active celiac duodenal biopsy tissue.

a, Luminex protein analysis of organoid conditioned media from active CeD (N = 7 biological replicates) or control (N = 4 biological replicates) showing fold-increases of IL-7 as ratio of gliadin:CLIP treatment after 2 days. Box plots show the median as the center line, the interquartile range as the box limits and the whiskers represent the min and max. ns, P = 0.072; two-tailed Mann-Whitney test. b-c, Representative IF staining using a rabbit (Rb) anti-IL-7 antibody (red) in fresh duodenal biopsies from (b) 14 remission CeD patients (previously diagnosed with CeD but on gluten-free diet) versus (c) 14 CeD patients with active disease, showing increased IL-7 levels in the latter. Epithelium (CK19, green); DAPI (blue). Figure 6c shows staining for a 15^th patient in remission and a 15^th patient with active CeD, and quantitation is presented in Fig. 6d. (GFD, n = 15 donors) or active CeD (n = 15 donors). d, Representative IF staining using a mouse (Ms) anti-IL-7 antibody (red) in fresh duodenal biopsies from (b), 4 remission CeD patients versus 4 patients with active CeD. This confirmed elevated IL-7 expression in active CeD seen with a different antibody than in (b) and (c). Scale bars are 100 µm.