Fig. 3: Net atmospheric CH4 emission rates.
From: Methane emissions from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks
The net atmospheric CH4 emission rates were derived using PBREAK (P-NAERNSx; orange) and CATHARE (C-NAERNSx; blue) for the NS1A, NS1B and NS2A pipelines compared with top-down emission rates. The shaded regions represent the upper and lower uncertainty bounds for P-NAERNSx, C-NAERNSx and sea-surface outgassing9. Satellite estimates8,12,13 are only comparable to the NS2A emission rates. The error bars on the y axis for satellite estimates represent 1σ standard deviation. The x-axis error bars for the L8 and S-2B ensemble estimate represent the time span between the two satellite detections. The symbol and error bars for the airborne estimate represent the central (average) estimate and range reported in ref. 11, respectively. It is noted that sea-surface outgassing rates modelled by ref. 9 extend beyond 6 October 2022, which are not shown here.
