Extended Data Fig. 6: Full list of apomorphies of Gnathifera.

Apomorphies are optimized computationally unless followed by an asterisk, which denotes an apomorphy suggested by our results but lacking sufficient sampling to optimise computationally. The apomorphic losses of Acanthocephala are also added. The topology is derived from the strict consensus tree based on a matrix of 68 taxa and 247 characters; the non-gnathiferans were omitted for clarity but were included in the analyses in which synapomorphies were optimised; the precise systematic position of Gnathostomulida has not been recovered in the strict consensus tree, but it is widely considered as the sister group of other gnathiferans. Yellow rectangles represent characters associated with jaw apparatus, green rectangles represent characters associated with gut (including mouth and anus), red rectangles represent characters associated with body shape, and grey rectangles represent characters associated with other body structures. Characters that can be observed in J. daohugouensis are in red colour, otherwise in black. Cross indicates extinct taxa.