Extended Data Fig. 8: Determination of the updated 100-80 Ma Euler Pole.

A) Rotation (Euler) pole modeling is accomplished by a grid search for the best-fit pole (0.7°S, 315.7°E), shown as the latitude-longitude location for which the minimum misfit is found (white dot). B) Constraints for the modeled rotation are the colored seamount locations (blue and red, selected based on their apparent fit in composition), and the approximate age range for these volcanic tracks (80–100 Ma), based on model-specific, new, and adjacent seamount volcanic ages^31,91 (black numbers next to seamount markers). Only two samples from EX1606 had material suitable for age dating, but four of the samples were attempted. Two succeeded, with one yielding a 91.3 Ma age that confirms that the Rurutu-Arago plume was active in the Wake region. The second successful sample predates passage of this area of the Pacific crust over the Rurutu-Arago hotspot and is excluded as a constraint on the modified stage pole. The two unsuccessful samples lacked a statistically robust plateau and were therefore inconclusive. Open circles represent Wake area seamounts and their ages, predating the 80–100 Ma time period modeled.