Extended Data Fig. 1: Idealized map of the Pacific Ocean basin, showing relevant hotspot tracks, anchored at present-day locations indicated with black dots.

Different sections of the hotspot tracks are color-coded by approximate range in eruption ages¹⁸. In the West Pacific, many sections are represented by seamount groups known by their own names. In light blue, the three oceanic plateaus are shown that are thought to have made up Ontong-Java Nui together.