Extended Data Fig. 3: Phylogeny of Tyrannosauroidea following a priori pruning of taxa scoring for less than 20% of characters.

Taxa excluded from the comprehensive analysis depicted in Fig. 3 are Kileskus, Juratyrant, Sinotyrannus, Stokesososaurus, Timurlengia, Alectrosaurus, Dryptosaurus, Nanuqsaurus, Thanatotheristes, and Zhuchengtyrannus. Values adjacent to nodes denote node support values: Bremer supports (left values < 20), bootstrap indices (right values > 50). Bremer support values and bootstrap indices increase significantly for most clades relative to those clades in the comprehensive analysis in Fig. 3. Among derived tyrannosaurine taxa (e.g., Alioramini+Tyrannosaurini), higher node values are found here relative to similar positions in the comprehensive tree in Fig. 3. This reveals that lower overall support values in the comprehensive tree is primarily due to ambiguity incurred in character state transformations with the inclusion of highly fragmentary taxa, particularly in late-diverging tyrannosauroids (e.g., Nanuqsaurus [8.1% of characters scored], Thanatotheristes [19.0%] Zhuchengtyrannus [10.3%]).