Fig. 1: Minimum stellar obliquity, Δi, as a function of spectral type.
From: One-third of Sun-like stars are born with misaligned planet-forming disks
a, Point colours represent the misalignment status of each system (n = 49). Dark-purple circles are misaligned at the >2σ level and light-blue circles show no evidence of misalignment. The yellow star represents the location of the pre-main sequence Sun (which would have corresponded to a spectral type of approximately K9 at an age of about 5 Myr) assuming that the origin of its current obliquity is primordial. Error bars are shown at 1σ confidence. b, Reconstructed distributions of Δi. The light-green area shows the Gaussian KDE of the distribution of Δi. The HBM results for the Rayleigh distribution generated with a log-uniform prior (labelled as ‘log-U Pr’) are represented by the dotted dark-blue line and the same model fit with a truncated Gaussian prior (‘TG Pr’) is shown by the solid light-blue line. The Gaussian distribution model fits produced with a log-uniform prior and truncated Gaussian prior are plotted as the purple dashed and solid lines, respectively. The truncated Gaussian model fit generated with a uniform prior (‘U Pr’) is shown in dark teal. c, Best-fit HBM results using a beta distribution for the minimum obliquities of a sample of 25 hot (‘H’) and 22 warm (‘W’) Jupiter systems28 also determined using a similar Δi methodology, shown here for comparison. Here, ‘log-N Pr’ represents model fits produced with a log-normal prior.
