Extended Data Fig. 1: Protocol for the preparation of a doped antiferromagnet along z.

a, Involved energy levels and transitions. The states used in the mapping to the t–J–V Hamiltonian are indicated in black. Each of the three columns represents one class of atoms: non-addressed atoms (left column) are prepared in |↓⟩, atoms with both δ_↓ and δ_↑ light shifts (centre column) are prepared in |h⟩ and atoms with only the δ_↑ light shift (right column) are prepared in |↑⟩. b, Experimental sequence. After Rydberg excitation using STIRAP, we apply a sequence of microwave pulses combined with the site-resolved light shifts δ_↑ and δ_↓. Then, the light shifts are switched off for duration T, during which the system evolves under the t–J–V interactions. To read out the atomic states, we first perform two ‘freezing’ pulses to stop the dynamics, which respectively act on states |h⟩ and |↑⟩. Then, we deexcite the atoms from |↓⟩ to the ground-state manifold, switch on the tweezers and image the recaptured atoms using fluorescence. An extra microwave π-pulse (dotted green line) can be used to read out the state |h⟩.