Extended Data Fig. 1: Single-cell metabolomics analysis of metabolites during LTP in single hippocampal cells.

a, Representative confocal images of PNs labeled by tdT (red) and immunostained for DAPI (blue) in the CA1 of Vglut2-Cre;Ai9 mice. Interneurons labeled by GAD67 (green) and immunostained for DAPI (blue) in the CA1 of GAD1-EGFP mice. Astrocytes labeled by SR101 (red) and immunostained for DAPI (blue) in the CA1. Scale bars, 20 µm. b, The metabolites detected in the mass spectrum of the blank sample (bottom) or PN sample (top). The expanded views were mass spectra of ABAL (I), GABA (II), Aspartate (III), Glutamine (IV), Arginine (V) and NAA (VI), which were either notably absent or markedly low. c, Heatmaps of characteristic metabolites and their relative intensities in single PNs with baseline stimulation or TBS. Color indicates z scores of metabolites in each sample (n = 4 mice). d-f, Volcano plot showing correlations between P values and relative intensities (FCs) of all detected metabolites with LTP compared to baseline stimulation (Ctrl) in vehicle-treated PNs (n = 6 mice) (d), MK801-treated PNs (e), and KN93-treated PNs (f). g, h, Heatmaps of characteristic metabolites and their relative intensities in single interneurons (g) or astrocytes (h) with baseline stimulation or TBS. Color indicates z scores of metabolites in each sample. Red, upregulated metabolites; Blue, downregulated metabolites. Unless otherwise stated, data were collected from 3 mice.