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Behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity: properties, elements and functions

Nature Neuroscience (2026)Cite this article

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Abstract

Understanding how brains learn and remember remains among the most important challenges in science. Recent studies in the hippocampus implicate a new form of synaptic plasticity, named behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity (BTSP), in the generation of experience-based learning and memory. BTSP is a strong, bidirectional type of plasticity that affects synaptic weights over many seconds of time. It is induced by single dendritic plateau potentials, as opposed to many action potentials, and is thus capable of producing new place cells in one trial. Plateau potential initiation is controlled, at least in part, by local feedback inhibition and an instructive input from a higher-order brain region that potentially links the plasticity to current experience. The new credit assignment procedure in BTSP provides a nonstandard mechanism for memory storage and retrieval that could mitigate the need for widespread synapse stabilization. In addition, it may allow hippocampal networks both to form memories of specific behavioral episodes and to generalize on the basis of past episodes. Finally, recent BTSP investigations could provide a basis for future explorations into how brains learn and remember, ranging from the systems and cognitive levels down to the basic biochemical building blocks of learning and memory.

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Fig. 1: Learning and memory in brains.
Fig. 2: PCs, hippocampal adaptive change and BTSP.
Fig. 3: PC stabilization and credit assignment in BTSP.

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Acknowledgements

I thank M. Harnett for the pyramidal neuron image in Fig. 1, all members of the Magee lab for useful discussions, R. Chitwood and S. Vaidya for help with the manuscript, and C. Grienberger, A. Losonczy, S. Romani and S. R. Williams for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Cullen Foundation.

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  1. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Jeffrey C. Magee

  2. Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

    Jeffrey C. Magee

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Magee, J.C. Behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity: properties, elements and functions. Nat Neurosci (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-026-02214-2

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