Fig. 1

Study design. Historical temperature data are taken from Luterbacher et al.¹⁶ and Xoplaki et al.¹⁷. Historical precipitation data are from Pauling et al.¹⁸. Windspeed, humidity, elevation, and sunshine hours are taken from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) CRU v.2.0 dataset⁵⁸. Soil characteristics such as carbon content and soil pH are from the Harmonized World Soil Database⁵⁹.