Table 1 Age, gender, smoking habit and clinical characteristics associated with the periodontal status in the control and perio groups. Values are means (standard deviations) and number of subjects.

From: Cytokine Thresholds in Gingival Crevicular Fluid with Potential Diagnosis of Chronic Periodontitis Differentiating by Smoking Status

Clinical Parameters

Study Groupsa

Control group (n = 74)

Perio group (n = 73)

P Value

Age (years)

45.65 (12.37)

51.12 (10.01)

0.005

Gender

Male

31

31

NS

Female

43

42

No. of teeth

26.72 (3.25)

25.55 (4.00)

NS

Full mouth

BPL (%)

26.41 (18.66)

53.08 (26.77)

<0.001

BOP (%)

15.05 (6.61)

51.12 (20.07)

<0.001

PPD (mm)

2.11 (0.27)

3.49 (0.65)

<0.001

CAL (mm)

2.36 (0.46)

4.25 (1.12)

<0.001

Sampled sites

BOP (%)

10.11 (10.24)

66.97 (23.93)

<0.001

PPD (mm)

2.23 (0.22)

5.65 (0.89)

<0.001

CAL (mm)

2.31 (0.27)

6.05 (1.12)

<0.001

Smoking habit b

Non-smokers

61

32

0.001

Smokers

13

41

Cigarettes/day (no.)

8.08 (4.44)

15.20 (7.94)

0.001

Months of smoking (no.)

236.38 (155.91)

320.78 (109.03)

NS

  1. BPL = bacterial plaque level; BOP = bleeding on probing; PPD = probing pocket depth; CAL = clinical attachment level; NS = not significant. In this series, the inclusion criteria applied were: 1) age 30 to 75; 2) no medical history of diabetes mellitus or hepatic or renal disease, or other serious medical conditions or transmittable diseases; 3) no history of alcohol or drug abuse; 4) no pregnancy or breastfeeding; 5) no intake of systemic antimicrobials during the previous six months; 6) no intake of anti-inflammatory medication in the previous four months; 7) no routine use of oral antiseptics; 8) no presence of implants or orthodontic appliances; 9) no previous periodontal treatment; 10) smokers who had stopped smoking less than five years before the sampling; and 11) the presence of at least 18 natural teeth.
  2. aOf the 150 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and had an adequate periodontal diagnosis, three were excluded for unexpected events. The control group included periodontally healthy individuals with BOP < 25%, no sites with a PPD ≥ 4 mm and no radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss. Considering previously established criteria21,22, patients in the perio group were diagnosed with moderate to severe generalised chronic periodontitis. bA patient was defined as a smoker if he/she was currently smoking and had been a smoker for at least eight years) and as a non-smoker if he/she had never smoked or had stopped smoking more than five years before the sampling.
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