Figure 4
From: PPARα activation directly upregulates thrombomodulin in the diabetic retina
Pemafibrate inhibits retinal vascular leukostasis by upregulating TM. (a) Fluorescence microscopy images showing retinal adherent vascular leukocytes in diabetic rats. STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with pemafibrate or vehicle and intravitreally injected with control siRNA or siRNA targeting Thbd. The retinal vascular adherent leukocytes were stained with FITC-conjugated concanavalin-A. Representative images of retinal flat mounts from nondiabetic rats (upper left), untreated diabetic rats (upper right), diabetic rats treated with pemafibrate and control siRNA (lower left), and diabetic rats treated with pemafibrate and siThbd (lower right) are shown. Arrows indicate adherent leukocytes. Scale bar = 50 μm. (b) Quantification of adherent leukocytes in retinal images (n = 6 per group). (Results are expressed as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05. Mann–Whitney U test).
