Figure 1

(a) HIF-1 pathway under normoxic (left) and hypoxic conditions (right). HSP90 is a heat shock protein that stabilizes HIF1-α until (under normoxic conditions) O2 facilitates the hydroxylation of HIF-1α at two proline residues with proline hydroxylase (PHD) and one asparagine residue with factor inhibiting HIF-1α hydroxylation (FIH) (created and modified from Liu and Semenza 2007). (b) Anterior end of the bearded fireworm (Hermodice carunculata) showing the primary tissues for oxygen-uptake which are the red branching branchia (similar to gills or lungs). Photo by CJ Grimes.