Table 6 Influences of dietary bentonite on kidney enzymes of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax).

From: Bentonite-supplemented diets improved fish performance ammonia excretion haemato-biochemical analyses immunity antioxidants and histological characteristics of European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax

Serum kidney parameters

Treatments

B0.0

B0.5

B1.0

B1.5

B3.0

B4.5

Urea

25.5 ± 0.86a

23.5 ± 0.87ab

18.5 ± 0.87c

15.0 ± 0.58d

15.0 ± 0.85d

21.5 ± 0.86b

Creatinine

0.73 ± 0.01

0.64 ± 0.08

0.59 ± 0.01

0.65 ± 0.01

0.62 ± 0.01

0.68 ± 0.01

Uric acid

1.67 ± 0.07a

1.67 ± 0.03a

1.16 ± 0.03b

1.10 ± 0.04b

1.61 ± 0.03a

1.54 ± 0.06a

Ammonia

58.0 ± 0.58b

60.0 ± 1.15ab

59.0 ± 3.46ab

59.5 ± 0.87ab

57.0 ± 1.15b

65.0 ± 2.31a

  1. The values with a different superscript in the same row are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05). Where B0 = 0% bentonite, B0.5 = 0.5% bentonite, B1 = 1% bentonite, B1.5 = 1.5% bentonite, B3.0 = 3.0% bentonite, and B4.5 = 4.5% bentonite.