Table 2 Petrological features of the lithic fragments and 3D textural and stable isotopic data of the examined calcites.

Eruption	Sample	Lithology	Primary minerals	Matrix	CaCO₃, 3D (vol%)	C\(_{CaCO_3}\) (g/kg)	δ¹³C_calcite (‰)*	δ¹⁸O_calcite (‰)*
Breccia Museo	L1	Lava	K-fld	K-fld, cpx, bt	–		− 1.23	8.54
	L2	Lava	cpx, ol, nef	bt, pl, cpx	–
	L3	Intrusive	cpx, bt, qz	–	–
	L4	Lava	cpx, K-fld	K-fld, cpx, bt	–
	L5	Lava	cpx,ol	bt, K-fld	–
	SE1	Sandstone	qz, pl, bt	–	–
	SE2	Tuff	qz, amph, gr	Glass	2.00	36.00
	SE3	Tuff	K-fld, pl	Glass	2.00	36.00
	SE4	Reworked	pl, bt, qz, cpx	-	–
	SE5	Tuff	K-fld, amph	Glass	< 4.91	88.38
	SE6	Sandstone	qz, pl, bt	-	–
Neapolitan Yellow Tuff	T1	Tuff	K-fld, bt	Glass	traces
	T2	Tuff	K-fld, bt	Glass	traces
	L1	Lava	K-fld, bt	Glass	-
	T3	Tuff	K-fld, bt	Glass	-
	T4	Tuff	K-fld, bt	Glass	-
Baia	T1	Tuff	K-fld, cpx	Glass	5.80	104.40
	T2	Tuff	K-fld, cpx	Glass	4.69	84.42
Cigliano	T1	Tuff	K-fld, bt	Glass	traces
	T2	Tuff	K-fld, bt	Glass	2.29	41.22
	L1	Lava	K-fld, bt, cpx	Glass	–
Agnano-Monte Spina	L1	Lava	–	–	–		− 6.53	19.84
	T2	Tuff	–	–	< 4	72.00
	L3	Lava	–	–	–
	L4	Lava	–	–	–
	L5	Lava	–	–	–
Solfatara	T1	Tuff	K-fld, bt, cpx, mg	Glass	0.70	12.60
	L1	Lava	K-fld, bt	–	–
Averno	T1	Tuff	K-fld, cpx, bt	Glass	5.36	96.48	− 9.64	18.25
	T2	Tuff	K-fld, cpx, bt	Glass	4.00	72.00	− 9.64	18.25
Astroni	L1	Lava	mgt, bt,cpx, cc	-	n.d		− 18.16	6.25
	S1	Scoria	K-fld	Glass	n.d
	T1	Tuff	K-fld, bt	Glass	n.d
Monte Nuovo	SE1	Sandstone	K-fld, qz, bt	–	4.80	86.40	2.17	21.53
SV1	SV1-1419	Tuff	K-fld, pl, cpx, ap, t-mg, bt	–	1.62	29.16
	SV1-1713	Tuff	K-fld, pl, cpx, ap, ti-mg, bt	–	1.50	27.00

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