Figure 2

Comparison of adverse hemodynamic events. T0: before spinal anesthesia (basal blood pressure); T1: immediately after spinal anesthesia; T2: 2 min after esketamine or saline administration; T3: beginning of surgery; T4: delivery of the fetus; T5: End of surgery; Hypertension: Defined as systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mmHg or an increase of greater than 20% from baseline; Hypotension: Defined as systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg or a decrease of greater than 20% from baseline. Tachycardia: Defined as heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute or an increase of greater than 20% from baseline; Bradycardia: Defined as heart rate less than 60 beats per minute or a decrease of greater than 20% from baseline; **:P < 0.01; ***:P < 0.001.