Fig. 7

SEM describes the relationship between continuous crop barriers, soil physicochemical properties, and soil health, and the alpha and beta diversity of soil microbial communities. In addition, blue and red arrows indicate positive and negative effects, respectively. Significance of each predictor: *, 0.01 < P ≤ 0.05; **, 0.001 < P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001.