Table 1 General characteristics and mental health.

From: Still in there—citizens’ well-being and PTSD after Seoul Halloween crowd crush in Korea: a cross-sectional study

(N = 1017)

Variables

 

N

Well-being

PTSD

Anxiety

Depression

M ± SD

t or F(p)

d

M ± SD

t or F(p)

d

M ± SD

t or F(p)

d

M ± SD

t or F(p)

d

Gender

Male

518

29.61 ± 14.69

3.337 (< .001)

0.209

18.94 ± 17.83

.911 (.181)

0.057

4.45 ± 4.67

 − 1.488 (.137)

0.093

5.16 ± 5.56

 − 1.032 (.302)

0.064

Female

499

26.63 ± 13.73

17.96 ± 16.19

4.88 ± 4.48

5.51 ± 5.32

Age

19–29a

186

29.53 ± 13.86

2.005 (.092)

N/A

14.47 ± 17.53

4.092 (.003)

c,d > a

0.382 (d > a)

4.35 ± 4.40

.890 (.469)

N/A

4.64 ± 4.67

2.049 (.086)

N/A

30–39b

176

27.89 ± 14.51

17.61 ± 18.56

5.03 ± 4.94

5.59 ± 6.04

40–49c

214

26.05 ± 14.48

19.32 ± 16.62

4.66 ± 4.50

5.66 ± 5.80

50–59d

237

28.05 ± 14.08

20.86 ± 16.06

4.89 ± 4.56

5.84 ± 5.33

60–69e

204

29.41 ± 14.42

19.14 ± 16.23

4.35 ± 4.56

4.80 ± 5.24

Alcohol consumption

Decreaseda

150

28.24 ± 14.46

12.185 (< .001)

a,b > c

0.504 (b,c)

21.38 ± 17.33

62.223 (< .001)

a > c > b

0.349 (a,b)

5.27 ± 4.65

30.337 (< .001)

c > a > b

0.775 (a,c)

5.39 ± 5.00

30.738 (< .001)

c > a,b

0.789 (a,c)

No changeb

755

29.04 ± 14.19

15.56 ± 0.56

4.11 ± 4.39

4.78 ± 5.14

Increasedc

112

21.97 ± 13.40

17.85 ± 1.68

7.54 ± 4.65

8.98 ± 6.52

Victim*

Directa

10

18.50 ± 7.33

10.020 (.007)

c > a,b

0.700 (a.c)

0.331 (b,c)

40.40 ± 13.64

51.853 (< .001)

a,b > c

1.451 (a.c)

1.450 (b.c)

8.90 ± 4.50

53.371 (< .001)

a,b > c

1.02 (a.c)

1.03 (b.c)

13.30 ± 7.08

51.853 (< .001)

a,b > c

1.59 (a.c)

0.94 (b,c)

Indirectb

55

23.78 ± 12.66

39.62 ± 15.45

8.93 ± 4.64

9.93 ± 5.89

Noc

952

28.50 ± 14.37

17.01 ± 16.18

4.37 ± 4.44

4.98 ± 5.22

Witness*

Direct

12

16.50 ± 28.29

8.881 (.003)

1263.136

42.33 ± 13.31

18.825 (< .001)

1.589

9.08 ± 4.12

11.296 (< .001)

1.027

13.17 ± 6.42

16.761 (< .001)

1.339

Media

1005

28.29 ± 14.30

18.17 ± 16.88

4.61 ± 4.57

5.24 ± 5.37

  1. *The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze the victim group, and the Mann–Whitney U test was used for the post hoc test. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to confirm normality for the witness group. d = Cohen’s d. Range of severity: PTSD—normal (0–17), low risk (18–24), high risk (25–88). Anxiety—normal (0–4), mild (5–9), moderate (10–14), severe (15–21). Depression—normal (0–4), mild (5–9), moderate (10–19), severe (20–27).
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