Table 2 Condition comparisons.
From: Serial engagement of distinct motor learning mechanisms to alter walking after stroke
Reinforcement + pre-adaptation (n = 15) | Reinforcement alone (n = 15) | Adaptation alone (n = 15) | p values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline step length difference (cm) | − 7.06 ± 5.7 | − 6.28 ± 5.3 | − 7.56 ± 5.6 | 0.818 |
Baseline paretic knee range of motion (°) | 39.23 ± 13.7 | 39.86 ± 15.3 | 38.64 ± 14.1 | 0.973 |
Baseline non-paretic knee range of motion (°) | 50.73 ± 6.3 | 51.25 ± 7.3 | 50.43 ± 6.1 | 0.944 |
Baseline paretic hip range of motion (°) | 28.72 ± 4.7 | 29.49 ± 4.7 | 28.5 ± 4.4 | 0.837 |
Baseline non-paretic hip range of motion (°) | 30.48 ± 6.7 | 30.90 ± 6.8 | 30.38 ± 7.0 | 0.954 |
Magnitude of early locomotor adaptation (cm) | − 13.91 ± 7.9 | NA | − 15.57 ± 10.6 | 0.633 |
Magnitude of late locomotor adaptation (cm) | − 7.01 ± 8.2 | NA | − 7.81 ± 8.2 | 0.791 |
Velocity during over ground training (m/s) | 0.64 ± 0.2 | 0.67 ± 0.2 | 0.66 ± 0.2 | 0.930 |
Number of steps during over ground training | 377.13 ± 101.2 | 395.80 ± 67.9 | 393.47 ± 64.1 | 0.783 |
Steps reinforced during over ground training (%) | 47.92 ± 16.6 | 44.46 ± 20.7 | NA | 0.617 |
Average reinforcement window width during over ground training (cm) | 4.86 ± 2.0 | 5.24 ± 2.8 | NA | 0.670 |
Questionnaire—amount of attention to task | 8.67 ± 1.5 | 9.07 ± 1.3 | 7.25 ± 3.3 | 0.082 |
Questionnaire—effect of reinforcement signaling | 8.60 ± 1.7 | 8.40 ± 1.5 | NA | 0.737 |
Questionnaire—perception of step length equality | 6.63 ± 1.1 | 7.13 ± 1.5 | 6.61 ± 2.4 | 0.642 |
Questionnaire—amount of fatigue | 3.87 ± 2.5 | 4.23 ± 2.3 | 3.21 ± 2.0 | 0.488 |
