Fig. 5

Evaluation of dysbiosis based on functional feature profiles. (a) PCoA schematizing eubiosis and dysbiosis samples based on KEGG ortholog profiles. (b) PCoA schematizing eubiosis and dysbiosis samples based on enzyme commission category profiles. (c–d) PCoA plots according to eubiosis and dysbiosis groups of bacterial 16 S rRNA gene sequences based on (c) unweighted and (d) weighted UniFrac distance matrices. (e) Distribution of dysbiosis and eubiosis samples within groups of healthy subjects, patients with CD, and patients with UC. (f) Distribution of dysbiosis and eubiosis samples according to disease behavior in patients with CD. (g) Distribution of dysbiosis and eubiosis samples according to ANCA positivity in the disease group. (h–i) WBC counts (h) and ((i) fecal calprotectin levels between eubiosis and dysbiosis groups in the disease group. (j–l) Comparisons of alpha-diversity indices in the eubiosis and dysbiosis groups. Intra-individual bacterial diversity within samples was determined by measuring (j) the abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) for species richness, (k) Shannon’s evenness index for species evenness, and (l) inverse Simpson’s index for community diversity. (m–n) Abundance-based coverage estimator for species richness in the eubiosis and dysbiosis groups of patients with (m) CD and (n) UC. Alpha-diversity values for each group are presented as box plots. The lines, boxes, and whiskers in the box plots represent the median, 25th and 75th percentiles, and minimum-to-maximum distributions of replicate values, respectively. (o Differentially abundant genera in the eubiosis and dysbiosis groups. (p) Predicted KEGG metabolic pathways differing significantly in the eubiosis and dysbiosis groups. Only significant taxa (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.01) are indicated. Numerical values indicate coefficients. Statistical significance was analyzed using Chi-square tests (e–g), Wilcoxon rank sum pairwise comparison tests (h–n), and PERMANOVA, with 999 permutations (a–d). CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; PCoA, Principal coordinate analysis; Infla, inflammatory type in CD patient group; Penet, penetrating type in CD patient group; Strict, stricturing type in CD patient group; ANCA positivity, positivity rate of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; WBC, whole blood cell.