Table 1 Baseline characteristics of Korean adults based on the data obtained from the KNHANES, 2005–2022 (n = 79,368).
Variables | Total | Pre-pandemic | During the pandemic | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005–2007 | 2008–2010 | 2011–2013 | 2014–2016 | 2017–2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | ||
Overall, n | 79,368 | 6,960 | 16,812 | 14,269 | 13,408 | 14,927 | 4,444 | 4,421 | 4,127 |
Crude rate, n (%) | |||||||||
Sex, n (%) | |||||||||
Male | 34,205 (43.1) | 2,947 (42.3) | 7,221 (43.0) | 6,028 (42.2) | 5,716 (42.6) | 6,538 (43.8) | 1,988 (44.7) | 1,958 (44.3) | 1,809 (43.8) |
Female | 45,163 (56.9) | 4,013 (57.7) | 9,591 (57.0) | 8,241 (57.8) | 7,692 (57.4) | 8,389 (56.2) | 2,456 (55.3) | 2,463 (55.7) | 2,318 (56.2) |
Age, years, n (%) | |||||||||
30–39 | 14,830 (18.7) | 1,710 (24.6) | 3,727 (22.2) | 2,725 (19.1) | 2,429 (18.1) | 2,416 (16.2) | 675 (15.2) | 555 (12.6) | 593 (14.4) |
40–49 | 16,833 (21.2) | 1,794 (25.8) | 3,792 (22.6) | 2,913 (20.4) | 2,710 (20.2) | 3,079 (20.6) | 884 (19.9) | 878 (19.9) | 783 (19.0) |
50–59 | 17,064 (21.5) | 1,358 (19.5) | 3,436 (20.4) | 3,166 (22.2) | 2,981 (22.3) | 3,330 (22.3) | 996 (22.4) | 938 (21.2) | 859 (20.8) |
≥60 | 30,641 (38.6) | 2,098 (30.1) | 5,857 (34.8) | 5,465 (38.3) | 5,288 (39.4) | 6,102 (40.9) | 1,889 (42.5) | 2,050 (46.3) | 1,892 (45.8) |
Region of residence, n (%) | |||||||||
Urban | 61,338 (77.3) | 5,099 (73.3) | 12,294 (73.1) | 11,194 (78.4) | 10,699 (79.8) | 11,992 (80.3) | 3,504 (78.8) | 3,371 (76.2) | 3,185 (77.2) |
Rural | 18,030 (22.7) | 1,861 (26.7) | 4,518 (26.9) | 3,075 (21.6) | 2,709 (20.2) | 2,935 (19.7) | 940 (21.2) | 1,050 (23.8) | 942 (22.8) |
Central adipositya, n (%) | |||||||||
Healthy central adiposity | 33,207 (41.8) | 2,934 (42.2) | 7,422 (44.1) | 6,433 (45.1) | 5,542 (41.3) | 6,161 (41.3) | 1,495 (33.6) | 1,637 (37.0) | 1,583 (38.4) |
Increased central adiposity | 39,807 (50.2) | 3,496 (50.2) | 8,132 (48.4) | 6,878 (48.2) | 6,806 (50.8) | 7,581 (50.8) | 2,482 (55.9) | 2,296 (51.9) | 2,136 (51.7) |
High central adiposity | 6,354 (8.0) | 530 (7.6) | 1,258 (7.5) | 958 (6.7) | 1,060 (7.9) | 1,185 (7.9) | 467 (10.5) | 488 (11.1) | 408 (9.9) |
BMI groupb, n (%) | |||||||||
Underweight | 1,632 (2.1) | 145 (2.1) | 377 (2.2) | 282 (2.0) | 269 (2.0) | 287 (1.9) | 81 (1.8) | 97 (2.2) | 94 (2.3) |
Normal weight | 29,811 (37.6) | 2,579 (37.1) | 6,486 (38.6) | 5,486 (38.4) | 5,029 (37.5) | 5,601 (37.5) | 1,545 (34.8) | 1,557 (35.2) | 1,528 (37.0) |
Overweight | 19,859 (25.0) | 1,834 (26.3) | 4,252 (25.3) | 3,617 (25.3) | 3,352 (25.0) | 3,667 (24.6) | 1,074 (24.2) | 1,083 (24.5) | 980 (23.7) |
Obese | 28,066 (35.3) | 2,402 (34.5) | 5,697 (33.9) | 4,884 (34.3) | 4,758 (35.5) | 5,372 (36.0) | 1,744 (39.2) | 1,684 (38.1) | 1,525 (37.0) |
Level of education, n (%) | |||||||||
Elementary school or lower education | 16,710 (21.1) | 4,246 (61.0) | 5,032 (29.9) | 3,724 (26.1) | 3,054 (22.8) | 2,953 (19.8) | 728 (16.4) | 834 (18.9) | 713 (17.3) |
Middle school | 19,855 (25.0) | 1,271 (18.2) | 2,248 (13.4) | 1,878 (13.1) | 1,737 (13.0) | 1,779 (11.9) | 539 (12.1) | 514 (11.6) | 422 (10.2) |
High school | 21,067 (26.5) | 833 (12.0) | 5,054 (30.1) | 4,304 (30.2) | 3,868 (28.8) | 4,339 (29.1) | 1,337 (30.1) | 1,301 (29.4) | 1,210 (29.3) |
College or higher education | 21,736 (27.4) | 610 (8.8) | 4,478 (26.6) | 4,363 (30.6) | 4,749 (35.4) | 5,856 (39.2) | 1,840 (41.4) | 1,772 (40.1) | 1,782 (43.2) |
Household income, n (%) | |||||||||
Lowest quartile | 21,284 (26.8) | 1,676 (24.1) | 3,767 (22.4) | 3,031 (21.2) | 2,710 (20.2) | 3,012 (20.2) | 807 (18.2) | 884 (20.0) | 823 (19.9) |
Second quartile | 10,388 (13.1) | 1,723 (24.8) | 4,187 (24.9) | 3,712 (26.0) | 3,364 (25.1) | 3,712 (24.9) | 1,076 (24.2) | 1,071 (24.2) | 1,010 (24.5) |
Third quartile | 22,246 (28.0) | 1,763 (25.3) | 4,453 (26.5) | 3,706 (26.0) | 3,643 (27.2) | 3,954 (26.4) | 1,240 (27.9) | 1,208 (27.3) | 1,100 (26.7) |
Highest quartile | 25,450 (32.1) | 1,798 (25.8) | 4,405 (26.2) | 3,820 (26.8) | 3,691 (27.5) | 4,249 (28.5) | 1,321 (29.7) | 1,258 (28.5) | 1,194 (28.9) |
Smoking status, n (%) | |||||||||
Smoker | 17,645 (22.2) | 2,020 (29.0) | 5,936 (35.3) | 2,762 (19.4) | 2,382 (17.8) | 2,529 (16.9) | 716 (16.1) | 676 (15.3) | 624 (15.1) |
Ex-smoker | 14,804 (18.7) | 848 (12.2) | 1,104 (6.6) | 3,041 (21.3) | 2,954 (22.0) | 3,565 (23.9) | 1,106 (24.9) | 1,120 (25.3) | 1,066 (25.8) |
Non-smoker | 46,919 (59.1) | 4,092 (58.8) | 9,772 (58.1) | 8,466 (59.3) | 8,072 (60.2) | 8,833 (59.2) | 2,622 (59.0) | 2,625 (59.4) | 2,437 (59.1) |
Weighted rate (95% CI) | |||||||||
Sex, weighted % (95% CI) | |||||||||
Male | 49.04 (48.72 to 49.36) | 46.51 (45.48 to 47.54) | 49.24 (48.57 to 49.91) | 48.56 (47.79 to 49.33) | 48.61 (47.83 to 49.39) | 49.43 (48.69 to 50.18) | 50.01 (48.86 to 51.16) | 50.21 (48.71 to 51.71) | 50.27 (48.88 to 51.66) |
Female | 50.96 (50.64 to 51.28) | 53.49 (52.46 to 54.52) | 50.76 (50.09 to 51.43) | 51.44 (50.67 to 52.21) | 51.39 (50.61 to 52.17) | 50.57 (49.82 to 51.31) | 49.99 (48.84 to 51.14) | 49.79 (48.29 to 51.29) | 49.73 (48.34 to 51.12) |
Age, years, weighted % (95% CI) | |||||||||
30–39 | 22.84 (22.27 to 23.40) | 28.49 (26.23 to 30.75) | 26.35 (25.01 to 27.68) | 24.04 (22.75 to 25.33) | 22.52 (21.15 to 23.90) | 20.57 (19.29 to 21.85) | 19.93 (17.55 to 22.32) | 18.69 (16.58 to 20.80) | 18.81 (16.43 to 21.19) |
40–49 | 25.67 (25.17 to 26.16) | 29.03 (27.18 to 30.89) | 27.99 (26.85 to 29.13) | 26.74 (25.48 to 27.99) | 25.27 (24.21 to 26.33) | 24.23 (23.08 to 25.37) | 24.01 (21.94 to 26.07) | 23.39 (21.33 to 25.46) | 22.27 (19.98 to 24.56) |
50–59 | 23.50 (23.05 to 23.96) | 19.21 (17.94 to 20.49) | 21.71 (20.76 to 22.67) | 23.46 (22.40 to 24.52) | 24.69 (23.56 to 25.82) | 24.59 (23.56 to 25.61) | 25.30 (23.16 to 27.44) | 23.86 (21.77 to 25.96) | 24.42 (22.44 to 26.40) |
≥60 | 27.99 (27.30 to 28.68) | 23.27 (21.36 to 25.17) | 23.95 (22.63 to 25.27) | 25.76 (24.26 to 27.25) | 27.52 (25.98 to 29.06) | 30.62 (28.84 to 32.40) | 30.76 (27.58 to 33.93) | 34.06 (30.93 to 37.17) | 34.50 (30.91 to 38.08) |
Region of residence, weighted % (95% CI) | |||||||||
Urban | 81.21 (79.91 to 82.51) | 76.69 (72.83 to 80.55) | 78.13 (74.88 to 81.38) | 79.22 (75.81 to 82.62) | 82.76 (79.84 to 85.68) | 83.82 (80.81 to 86.83) | 83.98 (78.64 to 89.32) | 82.64 (77.34 to 87.95) | 83.55 (78.09 to 89.01) |
Rural | 18.79 (17.49 to 20.09) | 23.31 (19.46 to 27.17) | 21.87 (18.62 to 25.12) | 20.78 (17.38 to 24.19) | 17.24 (14.32 to 20.16) | 16.18 (13.17 to 19.19) | 16.02 (10.68 to 21.36) | 17.36 (12.05 to 22.66) | 16.45 (10.99 to 21.91) |
Central obesitya, weighted % (95% CI) | |||||||||
Healthy central adiposity | 44.34 (43.82 to 44.86) | 43.97 (42.23 to 45.70) | 46.91 (45.78 to 48.05) | 47.83 (46.56 to 49.11) | 44.93 (43.65 to 46.20) | 43.94 (42.77 to 45.12) | 36.65 (34.70 to 38.61) | 39.80 (37.73 to 41.86) | 39.81 (37.68 to 41.95) |
Increased central adiposity | 48.86 (48.40 to 49.32) | 49.22 (47.62 to 50.81) | 46.95 (45.94 to 47.95) | 46.57 (45.43 to 47.70) | 48.53 (47.38 to 49.68) | 49.34 (48.31 to 50.38) | 54.84 (53.17 to 56.51) | 51.47 (49.69 to 53.25) | 51.12 (49.26 to 52.98) |
High central adiposity | 6.79 (6.56 to 7.02) | 6.82 (6.02 to 7.62) | 6.14 (5.65 to 6.63) | 5.60 (5.13 to 6.08) | 6.54 (5.99 to 7.10) | 6.71 (6.18 to 7.24) | 8.51 (7.47 to 9.54) | 8.73 (7.60 to 9.87) | 9.07 (8.04 to 10.09) |
BMI groupb, weighted % (95% CI) | |||||||||
Underweight | 1.88 (1.77 to 1.99) | 1.88 (1.54 to 2.23) | 1.95 (1.71 to 2.18) | 1.75 (1.48 to 2.01) | 1.94 (1.68 to 2.20) | 1.80 (1.56 to 2.05) | 1.86 (1.28 to 2.44) | 1.72 (1.30 to 2.14) | 2.24 (1.75 to 2.73) |
Normal weight | 36.78 (36.36 to 37.20) | 36.48 (35.23 to 37.73) | 37.77 (36.88 to 38.66) | 37.46 (36.41 to 38.50) | 37.19 (36.16 to 38.22) | 37.01 (36.05 to 37.96) | 33.40 (31.66 to 35.14) | 35.60 (33.79 to 37.41) | 35.18 (33.39 to 36.96) |
Overweight | 24.97 (24.60 to 25.34) | 26.23 (25.16 to 27.31) | 25.62 (24.82 to 26.42) | 25.35 (24.46 to 26.23) | 25.02 (24.15 to 25.89) | 24.60 (23.76 to 25.44) | 24.79 (23.25 to 26.34) | 23.16 (21.60 to 24.73) | 23.90 (22.32 to 25.47) |
Obese | 36.37 (35.94 to 36.80) | 35.40 (34.00 to 36.81) | 34.67 (33.77 to 35.56) | 35.45 (34.45 to 36.45) | 35.85 (34.83 to 36.88) | 36.59 (35.65 to 37.53) | 39.95 (38.13 to 41.77) | 39.52 (37.68 to 41.36) | 38.69 (36.61 to 40.77) |
Level of education, weighted % (95% CI) | |||||||||
Elementary school or lower education | 19.59 (19.13 to 20.05) | 53.00 (50.74 to 55.26) | 23.05 (21.94 to 24.17) | 20.08 (18.97 to 21.18) | 17.03 (16.02 to 18.04) | 14.64 (13.64 to 15.64) | 11.24 (9.67 to 12.82) | 12.31 (10.66 to 13.96) | 11.27 (9.85 to 12.70) |
Middle school | 11.61 (11.29 to 11.92) | 18.49 (16.89 to 20.09) | 12.99 (12.31 to 13.67) | 12.49 (11.75 to 13.23) | 11.20 (10.51 to 11.89) | 10.18 (9.49 to 10.87) | 9.51 (8.32 to 10.70) | 9.12 (7.94 to 10.29) | 8.24 (7.04 to 9.45) |
High school | 30.70 (30.20 to 31.19) | 16.08 (14.58 to 17.59) | 33.16 (32.05 to 34.27) | 33.77 (32.54 to 35.00) | 31.07 (29.92 to 32.23) | 30.26 (29.12 to 31.40) | 31.51 (29.32 to 33.71) | 31.29 (29.37 to 33.20) | 29.87 (27.87 to 31.88) |
College or higher education | 38.10 (37.39 to 38.82) | 12.42 (10.70 to 14.15) | 30.80 (29.31 to 32.28) | 33.67 (32.16 to 35.17) | 40.70 (39.04 to 42.36) | 44.92 (43.15 to 46.68) | 47.74 (44.37 to 51.10) | 47.28 (44.35 to 50.22) | 50.61 (47.74 to 53.48) |
Household income, weighted % (95% CI) | |||||||||
Lowest quartile | 16.50 (16.03 to 16.98) | 20.04 (18.22 to 21.86) | 17.86 (16.75 to 18.98) | 17.29 (16.11 to 18.47) | 15.93 (14.84 to 17.03) | 16.01 (14.87 to 17.14) | 14.02 (11.99 to 16.04) | 13.92 (12.16 to 15.68) | 15.06 (13.32 to 16.79) |
Second quartile | 24.67 (24.14 to 25.20) | 25.18 (23.36 to 26.99) | 25.42 (24.21 to 26.64) | 26.93 (25.64 to 28.23) | 24.01 (22.78 to 25.25) | 24.38 (23.20 to 25.56) | 22.38 (20.24 to 24.51) | 23.15 (21.02 to 25.28) | 22.42 (20.36 to 24.47) |
Third quartile | 28.78 (28.24 to 29.31) | 27.02 (25.39 to 28.66) | 28.38 (27.23 to 29.54) | 27.84 (26.62 to 29.06) | 29.60 (28.19 to 31.01) | 28.61 (27.50 to 29.73) | 29.73 (27.45 to 32.02) | 30.62 (28.49 to 32.74) | 29.64 (27.23 to 32.05) |
Highest quartile | 30.05 (29.32 to 30.78) | 27.76 (25.44 to 30.08) | 28.33 (26.73 to 29.94) | 27.94 (26.39 to 29.50) | 30.46 (28.57 to 32.35) | 31.00 (29.36 to 32.64) | 33.88 (30.62 to 37.14) | 32.31 (28.84 to 35.78) | 32.89 (30.03 to 35.75) |
Smoking status, weighted % (95% CI) | |||||||||
Smoker | 25.32 (24.91 to 25.74) | 33.65 (32.25 to 35.05) | 40.52 (39.63 to 41.41) | 24.55 (23.56 to 25.54) | 21.90 (20.95 to 22.85) | 19.92 (19.04 to 20.80) | 18.70 (17.10 to 20.29) | 17.43 (15.87 to 19.00) | 17.22 (15.56 to 18.87) |
Ex-smoker | 20.11 (19.76 to 20.45) | 10.97 (10.16 to 11.78) | 6.94 (6.39 to 7.49) | 21.47 (20.68 to 22.27) | 22.55 (21.74 to 23.37) | 24.74 (23.95 to 25.53) | 26.13 (24.81 to 27.44) | 27.29 (25.69 to 28.89) | 28.19 (26.51 to 29.86) |
Non-smoker | 54.57 (54.18 to 54.96) | 55.38 (54.15 to 56.61) | 52.54 (51.74 to 53.33) | 53.98 (53.07 to 54.88) | 55.55 (54.64 to 56.46) | 55.34 (54.45 to 56.23) | 55.18 (53.58 to 56.78) | 55.27 (53.27 to 57.28) | 54.60 (52.75 to 56.45) |
