Table 2 National trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, stratified by central adiposity groups and β-coefficients of odds ratios before and during the COVID–19 pandemic (weighted % [95% CI]).
Variables | Total | Pre-pandemic | During the pandemic | Trends before the pandemic, β (95% CI) | Trends in the pandemic, β (95% CI) | βdiff between 2005–2019 and 2019–2022 (95% CI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005–2007 | 2008–2010 | 2011–2013 | 2014–2016 | 2017–2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | ||||||
Overall | Healthy central adiposity | 5.54 (5.20 to 5.88) | 3.32 (2.57 to 4.07) | 4.54 (3.99 to 5.10) | 5.60 (4.85 to 6.34) | 5.09 (4.45 to 5.73) | 5.53 (4.91 to 6.15) | 5.77 (4.46 to 7.09) | 7.16 (5.78 to 8.54) | 5.80 (4.67 to 6.93) | 2.13 (0.16 to 0.59) | 0.22 (-0.20 to 0.64) | -1.91 (-2.39 to -1.44) |
Increased central adiposity | 15.66 (15.11 to 16.21) | 11.22 (9.91 to 12.53) | 12.36 (11.53 to 13.19) | 12.81 (11.86 to 13.76) | 14.11 (13.14 to 15.08) | 16.01 (15.04 to 16.98) | 18.05 (16.22 to 19.89) | 18.85 (16.72 to 20.98) | 17.07 (15.36 to 18.78) | 4.40 (0.85 to 1.53) | 0.38 (-0.28 to 1.04) | -4.02 (-4.77 to -3.28) | |
High central adiposity | 28.18 (26.52 to 29.85) | 18.00 (13.82 to 22.19) | 22.79 (19.75 to 25.83) | 24.04 (20.70 to 27.39) | 22.93 (19.86 to 26.00) | 31.51 (28.48 to 34.54) | 37.16 (31.97 to 42.34) | 30.13 (25.05 to 35.21) | 26.70 (21.96 to 31.44) | 8.09 (1.62 to 3.80) | -2.41 (-4.32 to -0.50) | -10.50 (-12.70 to -8.30) | |
Healthy central adipositya | |||||||||||||
Sex | Male | 7.86 (7.26 to 8.45) | 5.17 (3.78 to 6.56) | 6.17 (5.20 to 7.14) | 8.30 (7.04 to 9.56) | 7.29 (6.19 to 8.40) | 8.28 (7.15 to 9.41) | 8.29 (5.92 to 10.65) | 9.52 (6.92 to 12.12) | 8.31 (6.22 to 10.40) | 3.04 (0.25 to 1.03) | 0.14 (-0.63 to 0.91) | -2.90 (-3.75 to -2.04) |
Female | 3.56 (3.18 to 3.94) | 1.73 (1.08 to 2.38) | 2.88 (2.31 to 3.46) | 3.01 (2.37 to 3.66) | 3.08 (2.43 to 3.74) | 3.20 (2.55 to 3.86) | 4.03 (2.47 to 5.59) | 5.22 (3.77 to 6.67) | 3.97 (2.64 to 5.29) | 1.61 (-0.01 to 0.44) | 0.34 (-0.14 to 0.83) | -1.26 (-1.80 to -0.73) | |
Age, years | 30–39 | 0.84 (0.58 to 1.10) | 0.75 (0.10 to 1.41) | 1.40 (0.88 to 1.92) | 1.39 (0.70 to 2.07) | 0.86 (0.32 to 1.40) | 0.25 (0.00 to 0.53) | 0.38 (0.00 to 1.13) | 0.69 (0.00 to 1.66) | 0.64 (0.00 to 1.90) | -3.22 (-0.40 to -0.10) | 0.15 (-0.25 to 0.54) | 3.36 (2.94 to 3.79) |
40–49 | 3.23 (2.74 to 3.71) | 2.96 (1.74 to 4.18) | 4.48 (3.32 to 5.63) | 3.69 (2.65 to 4.73) | 3.62 (2.40 to 4.83) | 3.33 (2.27 to 4.39) | 1.81 (0.16 to 3.45) | 4.67 (2.56 to 6.79) | 0.57 (0.00 to 1.49) | -1.16 (-0.57 to 0.22) | -0.53 (-1.03 to -0.03) | 0.63 (-0.01 to 1.27) | |
50–59 | 8.50 (7.51 to 9.50) | 6.22 (3.21 to 9.23) | 6.14 (4.60 to 7.68) | 8.78 (6.79 to 10.77) | 6.25 (4.65 to 7.85) | 8.75 (6.98 to 10.52) | 11.88 (8.06 to 15.69) | 8.06 (4.92 to 11.20) | 9.70 (6.05 to 13.35) | 2.34 (-0.15 to 1.17) | -0.07 (-1.35 to 1.21) | -2.41 (-3.85 to -0.97) | |
≥60 | 14.31 (13.12 to 15.50) | 10.01 (7.24 to 12.77) | 11.40 (9.57 to 13.24) | 14.35 (11.90 to 16.79) | 15.13 (12.91 to 17.35) | 14.00 (12.07 to 15.94) | 13.32 (9.22 to 17.43) | 17.12 (12.98 to 21.26) | 14.43 (10.83 to 18.03) | 3.34 (0.19 to 1.65) | 0.44 (-0.91 to 1.79) | -2.90 (-4.43 to -1.36) | |
Region of residence | Urban | 5.22 (4.85 to 5.59) | 3.16 (2.32 to 4.00) | 4.30 (3.70 to 4.90) | 5.11 (4.33 to 5.88) | 5.12 (4.41 to 5.83) | 5.15 (4.51 to 5.79) | 5.68 (4.17 to 7.18) | 6.75 (5.25 to 8.25) | 5.03 (3.89 to 6.18) | 2.10 (0.13 to 0.59) | 0.08 (-0.35 to 0.51) | -2.02 (-2.52 to -1.53) |
Rural | 7.30 (6.39 to 8.21) | 3.90 (2.28 to 5.52) | 5.63 (4.21 to 7.05) | 7.95 (5.81 to 10.08) | 4.95 (3.44 to 6.47) | 8.02 (5.94 to 10.10) | 6.38 (3.80 to 8.97) | 9.57 (6.51 to 12.63) | 10.71 (6.24 to 15.17) | 3.26 (0.03 to 1.23) | 1.10 (-0.40 to 2.59) | -2.16 (-3.77 to -0.55) | |
BMI groupb | Underweight or normal weight | 5.92 (5.51 to 6.34) | 3.50 (2.64 to 4.36) | 4.45 (3.82 to 5.09) | 5.62 (4.69 to 6.55) | 5.23 (4.48 to 5.98) | 6.03 (5.28 to 6.79) | 5.82 (4.32 to 7.31) | 8.14 (6.47 to 9.81) | 6.76 (5.38 to 8.14) | 2.91 (0.25 to 0.77) | 0.44 (-0.07 to 0.95) | -2.46 (-3.04 to -1.89) |
Overweight | 4.39 (3.79 to 4.99) | 2.76 (1.25 to 4.28) | 4.89 (3.67 to 6.12) | 6.02 (4.57 to 7.47) | 4.12 (2.89 to 5.34) | 4.17 (2.93 to 5.41) | 5.61 (2.57 to 8.65) | 3.95 (1.87 to 6.02) | 2.11 (0.69 to 3.53) | -0.55 (-0.54 to 0.35) | -0.73 (-1.37 to -0.08) | -0.17 (-0.96 to 0.61) | |
Obese | 4.82 (3.28 to 6.36) | 3.36 (0.28 to 6.45) | 4.26 (1.58 to 6.94) | 3.86 (1.79 to 5.94) | 7.40 (3.01 to 11.78) | 4.22 (1.84 to 6.60) | 5.80 (0.00 to 12.63) | 4.37 (0.00 to 9.20) | 5.16 (0.00 to 13.18) | 2.25 (-0.58 to 1.36) | 0.18 (-2.23 to 2.59) | -2.07 (-4.67 to 0.53) | |
Level of education | Middle school or lower education | 10.39 (9.42 to 11.35) | 3.30 (2.58 to 4.02) | 8.67 (7.27 to 10.07) | 10.71 (8.61 to 12.81) | 9.92 (7.95 to 11.89) | 13.34 (11.04 to 15.65) | 12.39 (6.44 to 18.34) | 15.91 (11.08 to 20.74) | 16.98 (11.17 to 22.79) | 10.27 (1.64 to 2.68) | 1.35 (-0.52 to 3.23) | -8.92 (-10.86 to -6.97) |
College or higher education | 4.53 (4.17 to 4.89) | 3.37 (1.73 to 5.02) | 3.33 (2.73 to 3.93) | 4.29 (3.58 to 5.00) | 4.15 (3.50 to 4.80) | 4.32 (3.70 to 4.93) | 5.00 (3.70 to 6.29) | 6.07 (4.61 to 7.53) | 4.61 (3.53 to 5.69) | 1.64 (0.02 to 0.53) | 0.20 (-0.21 to 0.61) | -1.44 (-1.92 to -0.95) | |
Household income | Lowest and second quartile | 7.28 (6.67 to 7.88) | 4.07 (2.90 to 5.25) | 6.40 (5.39 to 7.40) | 7.23 (5.98 to 8.48) | 7.66 (6.37 to 8.94) | 7.97 (6.70 to 9.23) | 5.12 (3.04 to 7.19) | 10.42 (7.64 to 13.20) | 7.41 (5.20 to 9.63) | 3.57 (0.31 to 1.14) | 0.28 (-0.54 to 1.10) | -3.29 (-4.21 to -2.37) |
Third and highest quartile | 4.68 (4.26 to 5.10) | 2.84 (1.88 to 3.79) | 3.46 (2.88 to 4.05) | 4.55 (3.71 to 5.40) | 3.89 (3.19 to 4.58) | 4.32 (3.64 to 5.00) | 6.04 (4.32 to 7.75) | 5.87 (4.19 to 7.56) | 5.11 (3.77 to 6.45) | 1.68 (0.02 to 0.50) | 0.23 (-0.27 to 0.73) | -1.45 (-2.00 to -0.89) | |
Smoking status | Smoker or ex-smoker | 7.53 (6.93 to 8.13) | 4.99 (3.68 to 6.31) | 5.81 (4.81 to 6.80) | 7.87 (6.57 to 9.16) | 7.41 (6.24 to 8.57) | 7.78 (6.61 to 8.94) | 7.29 (5.09 to 9.49) | 9.71 (7.05 to 12.37) | 7.96 (5.82 to 10.10) | 3.11 (0.24 to 1.03) | 0.29 (-0.50 to 1.08) | -2.82 (-3.70 to -1.94) |
Non-smoker | 4.02 (3.62 to 4.41) | 2.00 (1.22 to 2.78) | 3.37 (2.72 to 4.01) | 3.67 (2.95 to 4.38) | 3.32 (2.65 to 3.99) | 3.85 (3.14 to 4.56) | 4.76 (3.05 to 6.47) | 5.40 (3.98 to 6.81) | 4.31 (2.93 to 5.69) | 1.71 (0.01 to 0.49) | 0.21 (-0.30 to 0.71) | -1.50 (-2.06 to -0.94) | |
Increased central adipositya | |||||||||||||
Sex | Male | 17.24 (16.41 to 18.06) | 13.67 (11.75 to 15.59) | 13.62 (12.31 to 14.93) | 14.22 (12.82 to 15.63) | 15.49 (14.04 to 16.94) | 17.10 (15.65 to 18.55) | 19.37 (16.57 to 22.17) | 21.54 (18.59 to 24.48) | 17.82 (15.37 to 20.27) | 3.66 (0.51 to 1.54) | 0.38 (-0.59 to 1.35) | -3.28 (-4.38 to -2.18) |
Female | 13.74 (13.05 to 14.43) | 8.69 (7.29 to 10.09) | 11.01 (9.89 to 12.13) | 11.30 (10.07 to 12.52) | 12.58 (11.37 to 13.79) | 14.65 (13.45 to 15.86) | 16.26 (13.79 to 18.74) | 15.31 (12.75 to 17.88) | 16.01 (13.59 to 18.44) | 5.06 (0.88 to 1.72) | 0.31 (-0.58 to 1.20) | -4.75 (-5.74 to -3.77) | |
Age, years | 30–39 | 4.33 (3.51 to 5.15) | 5.16 (2.50 to 7.82) | 3.49 (2.36 to 4.63) | 3.71 (2.26 to 5.17) | 4.42 (2.64 to 6.20) | 4.93 (3.28 to 6.57) | 6.11 (3.05 to 9.16) | 3.42 (0.71 to 6.12) | 3.70 (1.11 to 6.29) | 1.45 (-0.35 to 0.81) | -0.67 (-1.70 to 0.35) | -2.12 (-3.30 to -0.95) |
40–49 | 9.77 (8.75 to 10.79) | 7.93 (6.12 to 9.75) | 8.04 (6.55 to 9.52) | 8.27 (6.31 to 10.23) | 10.06 (8.13 to 11.99) | 10.20 (8.14 to 12.26) | 11.35 (7.78 to 14.93) | 12.83 (8.92 to 16.74) | 7.94 (4.65 to 11.22) | 3.25 (0.08 to 1.36) | -0.53 (-1.83 to 0.77) | -3.78 (-5.23 to -2.33) | |
50–59 | 16.70 (15.54 to 17.86) | 14.57 (11.62 to 17.53) | 14.56 (12.80 to 16.31) | 14.03 (12.11 to 15.95) | 14.46 (12.62 to 16.31) | 15.69 (13.62 to 17.76) | 19.32 (15.41 to 23.23) | 18.50 (14.38 to 22.61) | 19.67 (15.50 to 23.83) | 1.12 (-0.41 to 1.04) | 1.09 (-0.42 to 2.60) | -0.02 (-1.70 to 1.65) | |
≥60 | 23.49 (22.58 to 24.40) | 15.74 (13.46 to 18.02) | 19.29 (17.74 to 20.84) | 19.76 (18.03 to 21.49) | 20.94 (19.28 to 22.60) | 23.53 (22.00 to 25.05) | 26.21 (23.30 to 29.12) | 28.19 (25.17 to 31.20) | 24.53 (21.69 to 27.37) | 4.96 (1.02 to 2.17) | 0.46 (-0.61 to 1.53) | -4.50 (-5.71 to -3.29) | |
Region of residence | Urban | 15.40 (14.76 to 16.04) | 11.69 (10.06 to 13.31) | 12.68 (11.72 to 13.64) | 12.55 (11.48 to 13.62) | 13.71 (12.65 to 14.78) | 15.32 (14.25 to 16.38) | 17.84 (15.76 to 19.92) | 17.78 (15.36 to 20.20) | 16.99 (14.99 to 19.00) | 3.30 (0.50 to 1.27) | 0.47 (-0.29 to 1.23) | -2.82 (-3.68 to -1.97) |
Rural | 16.76 (15.63 to 17.89) | 9.77 (7.74 to 11.81) | 11.33 (9.77 to 12.88) | 13.67 (11.56 to 15.78) | 15.89 (13.38 to 18.40) | 19.13 (16.65 to 21.61) | 19.15 (15.48 to 22.81) | 23.61 (19.18 to 28.05) | 17.42 (14.22 to 20.63) | 8.80 (1.68 to 3.17) | -0.06 (-1.46 to 1.34) | -8.86 (-10.45 to -7.28) | |
BMI groupb | Underweight or normal weight | 19.10 (17.63 to 20.58) | 9.68 (6.68 to 12.68) | 14.23 (11.96 to 16.50) | 17.05 (14.29 to 19.81) | 15.53 (13.08 to 17.98) | 18.37 (15.88 to 20.86) | 23.76 (18.88 to 28.63) | 20.99 (15.75 to 26.23) | 24.26 (19.20 to 29.32) | 5.31 (0.65 to 2.38) | 1.46 (-0.39 to 3.32) | -3.85 (-5.89 to -1.80) |
Overweight | 15.33 (14.39 to 16.26) | 12.89 (10.66 to 15.11) | 11.43 (9.94 to 12.91) | 12.19 (10.63 to 13.74) | 14.18 (12.58 to 15.79) | 16.09 (14.38 to 17.80) | 18.24 (14.58 to 21.90) | 17.24 (14.06 to 20.42) | 16.70 (13.79 to 19.61) | 4.60 (0.64 to 1.81) | 0.05 (-1.08 to 1.19) | -4.55 (-5.83 to -3.27) | |
Obese | 15.01 (14.27 to 15.75) | 10.63 (8.80 to 12.45) | 12.39 (11.26 to 13.51) | 12.16 (10.91 to 13.40) | 13.73 (12.42 to 15.04) | 15.39 (14.14 to 16.64) | 16.56 (14.11 to 19.01) | 19.19 (16.34 to 22.04) | 15.51 (13.18 to 17.84) | 4.08 (0.64 to 1.54) | 0.29 (-0.59 to 1.18) | -3.78 (-4.78 to -2.79) | |
Level of education | Middle school or lower education | 20.21 (19.38 to 21.04) | 12.32 (10.85 to 13.80) | 15.35 (14.05 to 16.64) | 15.90 (14.33 to 17.48) | 18.73 (17.02 to 20.43) | 22.61 (20.91 to 24.30) | 27.18 (23.55 to 30.81) | 27.29 (23.60 to 30.98) | 24.44 (20.99 to 27.89) | 8.41 (1.88 to 2.89) | 0.68 (-0.55 to 1.91) | -7.72 (-9.05 to -6.39) |
College or higher education | 13.46 (12.77 to 14.15) | 8.12 (5.73 to 10.52) | 9.97 (8.85 to 11.08) | 10.68 (9.49 to 11.86) | 11.68 (10.51 to 12.84) | 13.10 (11.99 to 14.21) | 15.25 (13.20 to 17.29) | 16.08 (13.77 to 18.39) | 14.85 (12.82 to 16.88) | 4.11 (0.64 to 1.54) | 0.56 (-0.21 to 1.34) | -3.55 (-4.44 to -2.65) | |
Household income | Lowest and second quartile | 19.01 (18.18 to 19.84) | 11.64 (10.05 to 13.23) | 14.66 (13.39 to 15.94) | 14.61 (13.26 to 15.95) | 17.62 (16.12 to 19.12) | 19.51 (18.00 to 21.01) | 23.25 (20.46 to 26.04) | 24.57 (21.37 to 27.77) | 20.41 (17.51 to 23.31) | 6.31 (1.32 to 2.33) | 0.41 (-0.65 to 1.47) | -5.90 (-7.08 to -4.72) |
Third and highest quartile | 13.15 (12.47 to 13.83) | 10.84 (9.01 to 12.67) | 10.34 (9.26 to 11.42) | 11.24 (10.02 to 12.45) | 11.36 (10.15 to 12.56) | 13.30 (12.11 to 14.48) | 14.77 (12.54 to 17.00) | 14.97 (12.69 to 17.25) | 14.81 (12.62 to 16.99) | 2.99 (0.32 to 1.18) | 0.45 (-0.37 to 1.28) | -2.54 (-3.47 to -1.61) | |
Smoking status | Smoker or ex-smoker | 17.36 (16.50 to 18.22) | 13.28 (11.29 to 15.26) | 13.28 (11.98 to 14.58) | 14.26 (12.81 to 15.71) | 15.39 (13.96 to 16.83) | 16.92 (15.39 to 18.46) | 19.84 (16.91 to 22.78) | 22.25 (19.09 to 25.41) | 18.60 (15.93 to 21.27) | 3.83 (0.54 to 1.60) | 0.70 (-0.34 to 1.74) | -3.14 (-4.30 to -1.97) |
Non-smoker | 14.04 (13.36 to 14.72) | 9.37 (7.86 to 10.87) | 11.47 (10.37 to 12.57) | 11.44 (10.21 to 12.67) | 12.96 (11.75 to 14.17) | 15.15 (13.93 to 16.38) | 16.30 (14.12 to 18.49) | 15.53 (12.92 to 18.14) | 15.54 (13.28 to 17.81) | 5.01 (0.88 to 1.73) | 0.03 (-0.82 to 0.88) | -4.98 (-5.93 to -4.02) | |
High central adipositya | |||||||||||||
Sex | Male | 32.27 (28.81 to 35.73) | 20.99 (10.90 to 31.08) | 21.70 (15.35 to 28.05) | 22.58 (15.46 to 29.71) | 28.37 (21.89 to 34.84) | 38.65 (32.38 to 44.91) | 40.64 (31.18 to 50.09) | 33.04 (22.95 to 43.13) | 29.09 (20.82 to 37.35) | 14.65 (2.82 to 7.63) | -4.01 (-7.64 to -0.38) | -18.66 (-23.01 to -14.30) |
Female | 26.34 (24.50 to 28.19) | 17.41 (12.96 to 21.85) | 23.08 (19.70 to 26.46) | 24.38 (20.64 to 28.12) | 21.08 (17.72 to 24.44) | 28.50 (24.97 to 32.03) | 34.88 (29.21 to 40.55) | 28.62 (22.88 to 34.35) | 25.09 (18.72 to 31.46) | 5.35 (0.54 to 2.98) | -1.77 (-4.14 to 0.61) | -7.11 (-9.78 to -4.45) | |
Age, years | 30–39 | 16.65 (10.26 to 23.04) | 2.45 (0.00 to 7.33) | 7.93 (2.53 to 13.33) | 4.92 (0.00 to 11.21) | 12.67 (4.30 to 21.03) | 13.37 (4.04 to 22.70) | 24.91 (8.87 to 40.96) | 25.74 (1.58 to 49.91) | 20.26 (0.58 to 39.94) | 10.81 (-0.25 to 5.34) | 1.70 (-5.64 to 9.04) | -9.11 (-16.97 to -1.25) |
40–49 | 25.36 (20.20 to 30.52) | 8.92 (0.00 to 18.57) | 12.23 (4.98 to 19.49) | 16.25 (7.97 to 24.54) | 23.92 (13.78 to 34.05) | 30.05 (19.86 to 40.25) | 37.03 (20.67 to 53.39) | 29.61 (13.70 to 45.52) | 24.58 (10.11 to 39.04) | 18.33 (2.50 to 8.86) | -2.98 (-9.12 to 3.15) | -21.31 (-28.22 to -14.40) | |
50–59 | 30.19 (25.90 to 34.48) | 18.53 (9.56 to 27.49) | 23.65 (16.37 to 30.94) | 22.66 (13.97 to 31.35) | 16.77 (9.93 to 23.62) | 31.90 (23.33 to 40.46) | 38.46 (26.28 to 50.63) | 35.91 (21.20 to 50.61) | 34.08 (21.54 to 46.63) | 6.08 (-0.83 to 4.79) | -0.02 (-5.25 to 5.21) | -6.09 (-12.03 to -0.16) | |
≥60 | 30.02 (28.08 to 31.96) | 22.05 (16.56 to 27.55) | 27.52 (23.76 to 31.28) | 29.30 (25.06 to 33.53) | 26.33 (22.23 to 30.43) | 34.32 (30.98 to 37.66) | 38.51 (32.14 to 44.89) | 29.36 (24.85 to 33.88) | 25.78 (19.28 to 32.28) | 6.27 (0.90 to 3.49) | -3.62 (-6.02 to -1.22) | -9.89 (-12.62 to -7.16) | |
Region of residence | Urban | 28.36 (26.34 to 30.38) | 16.02 (11.22 to 20.81) | 23.53 (19.93 to 27.13) | 25.44 (21.25 to 29.63) | 22.34 (18.84 to 25.85) | 30.89 (27.45 to 34.33) | 37.64 (31.83 to 43.46) | 30.51 (24.35 to 36.68) | 25.95 (20.29 to 31.61) | 7.83 (1.35 to 3.86) | -2.49 (-4.74 to -0.24) | -10.32 (-12.90 to -7.75) |
Rural | 27.66 (24.78 to 30.54) | 23.96 (16.27 to 31.66) | 21.36 (15.79 to 26.92) | 20.66 (15.11 to 26.21) | 24.54 (18.35 to 30.73) | 33.84 (27.43 to 40.25) | 35.41 (24.46 to 46.36) | 28.92 (20.59 to 37.24) | 29.25 (20.20 to 38.31) | 8.78 (0.81 to 5.25) | -2.12 (-5.85 to 1.62) | -10.89 (-15.24 to -6.55) | |
BMI groupb | Underweight or normal weight | 19.73 (1.93 to 37.52) | 2.77 (0.00 to 8.50) | N/A | 22.12 (0.00 to 60.52) | 5.51 (0.00 to 16.36) | 22.39 (0.00 to 46.39) | N/A | 50.62 (0.00 to 100.00) | N/A | 25.03 (-0.45 to 10.29) | 12.70 (-14.20 to 39.59) | -12.33 (-39.76 to 15.09) |
Overweight | 22.00 (15.74 to 28.26) | 25.36 (9.59 to 41.13) | 11.74 (4.85 to 18.62) | 13.16 (3.81 to 22.50) | 24.64 (9.47 to 39.80) | 24.32 (10.51 to 38.14) | 50.94 (22.51 to 79.38) | 18.80 (5.16 to 32.45) | 8.53 (0.00 to 24.06) | 8.17 (-1.91 to 6.80) | -8.40 (-15.68 to -1.12) | -16.57 (-25.05 to -8.09) | |
Obese | 28.50 (26.79 to 30.22) | 17.78 (13.54 to 22.02) | 23.78 (20.57 to 27.00) | 24.54 (21.02 to 28.05) | 22.98 (19.84 to 26.11) | 31.87 (28.68 to 35.05) | 36.69 (31.48 to 41.91) | 30.43 (25.11 to 35.74) | 27.26 (22.43 to 32.09) | 7.79 (1.49 to 3.78) | -2.25 (-4.21 to -0.29) | -10.04 (-12.31 to -7.77) | |
Level of education | Middle school or lower education | 28.27 (26.34 to 30.20) | 18.78 (14.32 to 23.23) | 24.98 (21.19 to 28.78) | 27.17 (23.14 to 31.19) | 24.60 (20.66 to 28.54) | 33.39 (29.57 to 37.21) | 38.31 (31.12 to 45.50) | 30.17 (24.51 to 35.82) | 23.07 (16.12 to 30.02) | 7.94 (1.38 to 3.97) | -3.95 (-6.51 to -1.38) | -11.89 (-14.76 to -9.02) |
College or higher education | 28.07 (25.08 to 31.07) | 12.58 (1.27 to 23.90) | 16.66 (11.63 to 21.69) | 17.39 (11.75 to 23.03) | 20.06 (15.12 to 25.00) | 29.02 (23.93 to 34.11) | 36.14 (27.94 to 44.34) | 30.09 (21.60 to 38.59) | 29.40 (22.66 to 36.14) | 12.06 (2.09 to 6.31) | -0.94 (-3.91 to 2.03) | -13.00 (-16.64 to -9.36) | |
Household income | Lowest and second quartile | 29.74 (27.83 to 31.64) | 21.49 (16.06 to 26.92) | 26.21 (22.51 to 29.92) | 26.53 (22.44 to 30.62) | 24.77 (20.63 to 28.92) | 33.09 (29.54 to 36.65) | 36.31 (29.88 to 42.73) | 31.86 (26.09 to 37.64) | 29.28 (23.37 to 35.20) | 6.15 (0.80 to 3.45) | -1.66 (-3.95 to 0.62) | -7.81 (-10.45 to -5.17) |
Third and highest quartile | 25.83 (22.93 to 28.72) | 11.31 (6.20 to 16.43) | 15.96 (11.57 to 20.34) | 18.83 (13.83 to 23.83) | 19.63 (15.01 to 24.26) | 28.75 (23.11 to 34.40) | 38.21 (29.45 to 46.96) | 27.81 (19.76 to 35.85) | 23.65 (16.06 to 31.24) | 12.79 (2.18 to 5.79) | -3.30 (-6.57 to -0.02) | -16.08 (-19.82 to -12.34) | |
Smoking status | Smoker or ex-smoker | 31.54 (28.34 to 34.75) | 18.57 (10.58 to 26.56) | 20.74 (15.39 to 26.10) | 25.04 (18.75 to 31.32) | 28.29 (22.33 to 34.25) | 37.39 (31.59 to 43.19) | 41.62 (31.68 to 51.55) | 33.77 (23.94 to 43.60) | 28.78 (20.71 to 36.84) | 14.35 (2.90 to 7.03) | -3.81 (-7.32 to -0.31) | -18.17 (-22.24 to -14.10) |
Non-smoker | 26.54 (24.63 to 28.45) | 17.79 (13.47 to 22.11) | 23.64 (20.01 to 27.26) | 23.71 (19.88 to 27.54) | 20.56 (17.23 to 23.89) | 28.91 (25.33 to 32.49) | 34.78 (28.76 to 40.79) | 28.20 (22.56 to 33.84) | 25.31 (19.01 to 31.61) | 5.24 (0.47 to 2.99) | -1.90 (-4.29 to 0.49) | -7.14 (-9.84 to -4.44) | |
