Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the GCS > 8 and GCS ≤ 8 groups. BMI (body mass index), ALB(album), ALT(alanine aminotransferase), AST(aspartate aminotransferase), BUN (blood urea nitrogen), CK( creatine kinase), CKMB(creatine kinase lsoenzyme MB), SCR (serum creatinine), GLU(glucose), HB(hemoglobin), HbA1c (hemoglobin a1c), TBIL(Total Bilirubin), TC (total cholesterol), TG (triglyceride), WBC((white blood cell), AF(Atrial Fibrillation), CHD(coronary heart disease), CKD(chronic kidney disease), DM(diabetes, HF(heart failure), HBP(high blood pressure), HL(hyperlipidemia), RF(respiratory failure), APSIII (acute physiology score III), SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment), OASIS, SAPSII(simplified acute physiological score II), AG(anion gap), ACAG(Albumin Corrected Anion Gap). ¹n (%); Median [25-75%].²*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Hospital mortality

275 (12%)

128 (6.4%)

147 (38%)

< 0.001***

In-hospital follow-up time, days

6 [3–13]

5 [3–10]

16 [8–27]

< 0.001***

Long-term mortality

845 (36%)

608 (31%)

237 (61%)

< 0.001***

Long-term follow-up time, days

19 [4-187]

17 [4-206]

23 [9–82]

0.008**

Age, years

71 [59–81]

71 [60–81]

69 [58–82]

0.11

Gender

0.8

Female

1,175 (49%)

981 (49%)

194 (50%)

Male

1,204 (51%)

1,009 (51%)

195 (50%)

BMI, kg/m²

< 0.001***

Normal

302 (13%)

252 (13%)

50 (13%)

Obese

649 (27%)

502 (25%)

147 (38%)

Overweight

358 (15%)

303 (15%)

55 (14%)

Underweight

29 (1.2%)

22 (1.1%)

7 (1.8%)

Missing

1,041 (44%)

911 (46%)

130 (33%)

Marital status

< 0.001***

Divorced

162 (6.8%)

143 (7.2%)

19 (4.9%)

Married

1,037 (44%)

894 (45%)

143 (37%)

Single

594 (25%)

498 (25%)

96 (25%)

Widowed

345 (15%)

294 (15%)

51 (13%)

Missing

241 (10%)

161 (8.1%)

80 (21%)

Race

< 0.001***

Asian

65 (2.7%)

54 (2.7%)

11 (2.8%)

Black

317 (13%)

273 (14%)

44 (11%)

Other

472 (20%)

352 (18%)

120 (31%)

White

1,525 (64%)

1,311 (66%)

214 (55%)

ALB, g/dl

3.70 [3.30-4.00]

3.70 [3.30-4.00]

3.30 [2.80–3.80]

< 0.001***

ALT, iu/l

20 [14–33]

19 [13–31]

28 [17–54]

< 0.001***

AST, iu/L

24 [18–40]

23 [18–35]

39 [24–85]

< 0.001***

BUN, mg/dl

18 [13–25]

17 [13–24]

20 [14–31]

< 0.001***

CK, iu/l

< 0.001***

<47

214 (9.0%)

185 (9.3%)

29 (7.5%)

47–322

896 (38%)

772 (39%)

124 (32%)

>322

256 (11%)

167 (8.4%)

89 (23%)

Missing

1,013 (43%)

866 (44%)

147 (38%)

CKMB, ng/mL

< 0.001***

<3.0

468 (20%)

421 (21%)

47 (12%)

3.0–10.0

630 (26%)

522 (26%)

108 (28%)

>10.0

165 (6.9%)

91 (4.6%)

74 (19%)

Missing

1,116 (47%)

956 (48%)

160 (41%)

Chloride, mEq/L

103 [100–106]

103 [100–106]

104 [100–108]

< 0.001***

SCR, mg/dL

0.90 [0.70–1.20]

0.90 [0.70–1.20]

1.10 [0.70–1.50]

< 0.001***

GLU, mg/dL

114 [96–150]

111 [95–141]

135 [107–186]

< 0.001***

HB, g/dL

12.20 [10.55–13.60]

12.30 [10.70–13.70]

11.50 [10.00-12.90]

< 0.001***

HBA1C,%

< 0.001***

<6.5

1,199 (50%)

1,076 (54%)

123 (32%)

≥

≥6.5

429 (18%)

376 (19%)

53 (14%)

Missing

751 (32%)

538 (27%)

213 (55%)

HCO3,mEq/L

24 [22–26]

25 [22–27]

23 [19–25]

< 0.001***

Potassium, mEq/L

4.00 [3.80–4.40]

4.00 [3.80–4.40]

4.00 [3.70–4.50]

0.4

Lymphocyte, k/uL

0.020*

<1.2

262 (11%)

207 (10%)

55 (14%)

1.2–1.7

157 (6.6%)

133 (6.7%)

24 (6.2%)

>1.7

205 (8.6%)

184 (9.2%)

21 (5.4%)

Missing

1,755 (74%)

1,466 (74%)

289 (74%)

Sodium, mEq/L

140 [137–142]

140 [137–142]

139 [137–142]

0.8

Neutrophil, k/uL

< 0.001***

<1.6

22 (0.9%)

19 (1.0%)

3 (0.8%)

1.6–6.1

249 (10%)

228 (11%)

21 (5.4%)

6.1–8.6

145 (6.1%)

123 (6.2%)

22 (5.7%)

>8.6

208 (8.7%)

154 (7.7%)

54 (14%)

Missing

1,755 (74%)

1,466 (74%)

289 (74%)

Platelet, k/uL

212 [165–268]

216 [168–269]

198 [144–264]

< 0.001***

TBIL, mg/dL

0.56 [0.40–0.80]

0.50 [0.40–0.80]

0.60 [0.40-1.00]

< 0.001***

TC, mg/dL

< 0.001***

<144

516 (22%)

455 (23%)

61 (16%)

144–199

692 (29%)

637 (32%)

55 (14%)

>199

378 (16%)

356 (18%)

22 (5.7%)

Missing

793 (33%)

542 (27%)

251 (65%)

TG, mg/dL

< 0.001***

<87

522 (22%)

469 (24%)

53 (14%)

87–149

672 (28%)

626 (31%)

46 (12%)

>149

424 (18%)

367 (18%)

57 (15%)

Missing

761 (32%)

528 (27%)

233 (60%)

WBC, k/uL

8.6 [6.5–11.6]

8.3 [6.4–11.1]

10.6 [7.7–15.5]

< 0.001***

AF

481 (20%)

368 (18%)

113 (29%)

< 0.001***

Alcohol use

47 (2.0%)

37 (1.9%)

10 (2.6%)

0.4

Anemia

613 (26%)

443 (22%)

170 (44%)

< 0.001***

Cancer

264 (11%)

226 (11%)

38 (9.8%)

0.4

CHD

697 (29%)

552 (28%)

145 (37%)

< 0.001***

CKD

212 (8.9%)

167 (8.4%)

45 (12%)

0.044*

DM

804 (34%)

668 (34%)

136 (35%)

0.6

HF

504 (21%)

385 (19%)

119 (31%)

< 0.001***

HBP

1,270 (53%)

1,084 (54%)

186 (48%)

0.016*

HL

687 (29%)

601 (30%)

86 (22%)

0.001**

RF

421 (18%)

202 (10%)

219 (56%)

< 0.001***

Tobacco use

164 (6.9%)

132 (6.6%)

32 (8.2%)

0.3

Anticoagulant drugs

2,047 (86%)

1,784 (90%)

263 (68%)

< 0.001***

Antiplatelet drugs

1,649 (69%)

1,480 (74%)

169 (43%)

< 0.001***

APSIII

< 0.001***

<39

658 (28%)

562 (28%)

96 (25%)

≥39

672 (28%)

379 (19%)

293 (75%)

Missing

1,049 (44%)

1,049 (53%)

0 (0%)

SOFA

< 0.001***

<1

579 (24%)

450 (23%)

129 (33%)

≥1

726 (31%)

490 (25%)

236 (61%)

Missing

1,074 (45%)

1,050 (53%)

24 (6.2%)

OASIS

< 0.001***

<31

616 (26%)

524 (26%)

92 (24%)

≥31

714 (30%)

417 (21%)

297 (76%)

Missing

1,049 (44%)

1,049 (53%)

0 (0%)

SAPSII

< 0.001***

<33

589 (25%)

521 (26%)

68 (17%)

≥33

605 (25%)

406 (20%)

199 (51%)

Missing

1,185 (50%)

1,063 (53%)

122 (31%)

AG, mEq/L

15.9 [13.5–18.2]

15.8 [13.4–18.0]

16.4 [13.9–19.1]

< 0.001***

ACAG, mEq/L

17.9 [15.3–20.2]

17.7 [15.2–19.9]

19.1 [16.2–22.3]

< 0.001***

ACAG quartiles

< 0.001***

Q1

601 (25%)

533 (27%)

68 (17%)

Q2

605 (25%)

524 (26%)

81 (21%)

Q3

578 (24%)

498 (25%)

80 (21%)

Q4

595 (25%)

435 (22%)

160 (41%)