Fig. 2

Optimization of culture conditions to enhance the biomass, total phenolic content (TPC), and caffeoylputrescine production from hairy roots. The effects of the inoculum size (1(a) and 1(b)), liquid volume (2(a) and 2(b)), and carbon source sucrose (3(a) and 3(b)) were investigated. The presented values are the mean ± standard error of three replicates; the data recorded were after 24 days of culture.