Fig. 1

Patient selection and analysis flowchart. A total of 2344 patients were comprehensively screened from electronic medical records. Exclusions included 1916 patients without sufficient data, one patient younger than 18 years old, and nine patients who switched antiviral medication after treatment. A focused cohort comprising 418 individuals (265 on TDF, 153 on TAF) with complete baseline and 48-week follow-up data was analyzed. Additionally, a subset of 292 patients (238 on TDF, 54 on TAF) with baseline and 96-week follow-up data was examined, and 216 patients with sequential baseline to 96-week data were used to investigate dynamic changes during treatment.