Table 1 Mean ± SD levels of the studied metals by background and pregnancy characteristics.
From: Early pregnancy metal levels in maternal blood and pregnancy outcomes
Maternal characteristics | Pb mean ± SD (µg/L) | P-value | Se mean ± SD (µg/L) | P value | sqrt_Cd mean ± SD (µg/L) | P value | sqrt_As mean ± SD (µg/L) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | < 28 | 3.33 ± 2.15 (n = 79) | 0.14 | 119.61 ± 20.89 (n = 85) | 0.89 | 0.41 ± 0.3 (n = 82) | 0.362 | 0.57 ± 0.34 (n = 83) | 0.8 |
28–35 | 3.11 ± 1.72 (n = 195) | 119.08 ± 21.18 (n = 208) | 0.43 ± 0.26 (n = 202) | 0.55 ± 0.30 (n = 208) | |||||
> 35 | 3.07 ± 1.78 (n = 92) | 121.82 ± 21.35 (n = 100) | 0.43 ± 0.25 (n = 96) | 0.58 ± 0.31 (n = 100) | |||||
BMI | Underweight | 2.72 ± 1.27 (n = 21) | 0.06 | 111.31 ± 22.61 (n = 26) | 0.6 | 0.40 ± 0.27 (n = 25) | < 0.001 | 0.51 ± 0.28 (n = 25) | 0.48 |
Normal | 3.19 ± 1.66 (n = 152) | 120.47 ± 19.41 (n = 166) | 0.43 ± 0.26 (n = 160) | 0.56 ± 0.33 (n = 165) | |||||
Overweight | 3.28 ± 2.49 (n = 67) | 126.15 ± 24.577 (n = 69) | 0.41 ± 0.24 (n = 68) | 0.61 ± 0.32 (n = 69) | |||||
Obese | 3.09 ± 1.71 (n = 126) | 117.58 ± 20.26 (n = 132) | 0.43 ± 0.29 (n = 127) | 0.61 ± 0.32 (n = 132) | |||||
Education | Up to high school | 3.46 ± 2.24 (n = 113) | 0.025 | 120.67 ± 21.59 (n = 121) | 0.72 | 0.5 ± 0.28 (n = 118) | 0.001 | 0.53 ± 0.29 (n = 120) | 0.3 |
College | 2.85 ± 1.36 (n = 146) | 118.81 ± 17.75 (n = 151) | 0.37 ± 0.23 (n = 149) | 0.53 ± 0.29 (n = 150) | |||||
University | 3.22 ± 1.87 (n = 107) | 120.47 ± 24.45 (n = 121) | 0.42 ± 0.23 (n = 113) | 0.55 ± 0.32 (n = 121) | |||||
Private insurance | No | 4.06 ± 2.35 (n = 17) | 0.035 | 119.08 ± 20.44 (n = 18) | 0.87 | 0.47 ± 0.37 (n = 18) | 0.45 | 0.65 ± 0.27 (n = 18) | 0.25 |
Yes | 3.1 ± 1.8 (n = 349) | 119.93 ± 21.2 (n = 375) | 0.42 ± 0.26 (n = 362) | 0.56 ± 0.33 (n = 50)373 | |||||
History of PTB | No | 3.58 ± 2.02 (n = 189) | < 0.001 | 122.7 ± 22.25 (n = 201) | 0.006 | 0.5 ± 0.26 (n = 198) | < 0.001 | 0.62 ± 0.31 (n = 198) | 0.001 |
Yes | 2.7 ± 1.49 (n = 187) | 117 ± 19.43 (n = 203) | 0.36 ± 0.26 (n = 192) | 0.51 ± 0.32 (n = 203) | |||||
Smoking | No | 2.08 ± 1.82 (n = 329) | 0.038 | 120.19 ± 21.08 (n = 353) | 0.42 | 0.39 ± 0.22 (n = 341) | < 0.001 | 0.57 ± 0.33 (n = 352) | 0.57 |
Yes | 3.74 ± 1.85 (n = 37) | 117.32 ± 21.73 (n = 40) | 0.78 ± 0.33 (n = 39) | 0.53 ± 0.31 (n = 39) | |||||
Employed | No | 3.32 ± 2.56 (n = 48) | 0.5 | 118.88 ± 18.42 (n = 51) | 0.71 | 0.49 ± 0.38 (n = 50) | 0.06 | 0.48 ± 0.26 (n = 51) | 0.042 |
Yes | 3.12 ± 1.7 (n = 318) | 120.05 ± 21.54 (n = 342) | 0.42 ± 0.24 (n = 330) | 0.57 ± 0.33 (n = 340) | |||||
Gravidity | 2 | 2 ± 2.01 (n = 173) | 0.86 | 120.54 ± 19.99 (n = 186) | 0.87 | 0.44 ± 0.29 (n = 180) | 0.52 | 0.58 ± 0.31 (n = 184) | 0.07 |
3–5 | 2.98 ± 1.69 (n = 159) | 119.68 ± 22.77 (n = 173) | 0.43 ± 0.23 (n = 165) | 0.55 ± 0.34 (n = 172) | |||||
> 5 | 2.8 ± 1.19 (n = 28) | 118.84 ± 19.49 (n = 29) | 0.37 ± 0.25 (n = 29) | 0.57 ± 0.33 (n = 29) | |||||
Parity | 0 | 3.08 ± 1.04 (n = 9) | 0.64 | 122.17 ± 21.01 (n = 9) | 0.007 | 0.49 ± 0.24 (n = 9) | 0.933 | 0.47 ± 0.25 (n = 9) | 0.544 |
1–2 | 3.1 ± 1.91 (n = 272) | 119.74 ± 20.18 (n = 297) | 0.44 ± 0.27 (n = 283) | 0.57 ± 0.32 (n = 294) | |||||
> 2 | 3.23 ± 1.61 (n = 79) | 120.85 ± 24.79 (n = 82) | 0.40 ± 0.27 (n = 82) | 0.59 ± 0.34 (n = 82) | |||||
Folic acid | No | 2.93 ± 1.27 (n = 30) | 0.5 | 119.72 ± 23.13 (n = 34) | 0.96 | 0.45 ± 0.3 (n = 32) | 0.56 | 0.57 ± 0.33 (n = 34) | 0.91 |
Yes | 3.17 ± 1.88 (n = 336) | 119.91 ± 20.98 (n = 359) | 0.42 ± 0.26 (n = 348) | 0.56 ± 0.32 (n = 357) | |||||
Fertility treatments | No | 3.22 ± 1.86 (n = 340) | 0.012 | 120.19 ± 21.32 (n = 367) | 0.31 | 0.42 ± 0.26 (n = 354) | 0.89 | 0.56 ± 0.33 (n = 365) | 0.69 |
Yes | 2.28 ± 1.11 (n = 26) | 115.78 ± 18.26 (n = 26) | 0.43 ± 0.27 (n = 26) | 0.59 ± 0.27 (n = 26) |