Table 1 Results from General Linear Mixed Models exploring factors explaining the antimicrobial activity of colonies isolated from hoopoes’ samples against three indicator bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis, Listeria innocua, and Enterococcus faecalis.

From: Nesting hoopoes cultivate in their uropygial gland the microbial symbionts with the highest antimicrobial capacity

  

Bacillus licheniformis

Listeria innocua

Enterococcus faecalis

F

df

P

F

df

P

F

df

P

Bacteria [1]

F

0.47

1,37.3

0.498

5.75

1,36.2

0.022

19.2

1,36.8

 < 0.001

Sample [2]

F

0.05

1,36.5

0.834

3.05

1,31.4

0.090

8.46

1,32.3

0.007

Nesting [3]

F

0.32

1,59.8

0.572

4.29

1,42.6

0.045

5.61

1,46.9

0.022

([1])*([3])

F

4.59

1,68.5

0.036

10.85

1,64.0

0.002

11.79

1,69.7

0.001

Individual ID ([3]) [4]

R

1.35

31, 30.0

0.206

2.40

32,41.2

0.004

1.85

32, 40.6

0.032

([1])*([4])

R

2.35

29,562

 < 0.001

3.14

30,571

 < 0.001

2.81

30,578

 < 0.001

([2])*([4])

R

1.52

27,562

0.046

3.39

27,571

 < 0.001

3.26

28,578

 < 0.001

  1. The model includes type of sample (“Sample”: uropygial secretion vs. uropygial skin), type of bacteria (“Bacteria”: mesophilic vs. enterococci, isolated either from general (TSA) or selective (KF) culture media respectively), the type of sampled hoopoes (“Nesting”: nesting vs. non-nesting individuals), and the interaction between “Bacteria” and “Nesting” as fixed (F) factors. As random factors (R), the model includes the individual identity (“Individual ID”) nested within “Nesting”, and the interactions between that random factor and the types of samples and bacteria. The main effects were explored in models that did not include interactions, while the interaction was estimated in models that also included main effects. Main random and fixed effects are numbered and the numbers used to describe particular interactions. Effects with associated p-values lower that 0.1 were highlighted in bold.
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