Table 5 Values of the OF following 20 rounds of optimization algorithms using TDn(1 + PI) controller.

From: A novel artificial intelligence based multistage controller for load frequency control in power systems

Algorithm

BDGOA×10-11

GEO×10-11

GOA×10-10

PSO×10-9

POA×10-9

Best

1.162

7.201

7.573

8.321

9.685

Worst

4.776

9.478

10.574

15.347

13.902

Mean

2.213

9.010

10.485

14.121

11.858

SD

1.5663

0.9108

1.0570

21,990

1.8579

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