Table 1 Baseline characteristics.
Variable | Total (n = 8,257) | Lower HGI (n = 7,093) | Higher HGI (n = 1,164) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 49.56 (48.96, 50.16) | 48.79 (48.18, 49.41) | 55.99 (54.84, 57.14) | < 0.001 |
Sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 55.40 (53.97, 56.83) | 56.65 (55.15, 58.15) | 44.95 (41.45, 48.49) | |
Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 9.70 (8.13, 11.53) | 9.51 (7.96, 11.33) | 11.24 (8.82, 14.21) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 5.11 (4.28, 6.09) | 5.15 (4.31, 6.15) | 4.79 (3.54, 6.45) | |
Mexican American | 69.13 (66.21, 71.90) | 71.06 (68.20, 73.77) | 52.91 (47.77, 57.99) | |
Others | 16.06 (14.47, 17.79) | 14.27 (12.76, 15.92) | 31.07 (27.04, 35.41) | |
Education levels, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
Less than high school level | 18.67 (17.38, 20.03) | 18.10 (16.71, 19.58) | 23.43 (20.31, 26.86) | |
High school or equivalent | 25.68 (24.14, 27.29) | 25.40 (23.70, 27.18) | 28.04 (24.79, 31.54) | |
Greater than high school level | 55.65 (53.79, 57.49) | 56.50 (54.47, 58.51) | 48.53 (44.34, 52.75) | |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.233 | |||
Married/living with partner | 66.23 (64.46, 67.94) | 66.51 (64.60, 68.37) | 63.82 (59.66, 67.78) | |
Not married | 33.77 (32.06, 35.54) | 33.49 (31.63, 35.40) | 36.18 (32.22, 40.34) | |
PIR level, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
< Median | 37.09 (35.10, 39.11) | 36.30 (34.27, 38.39) | 43.63 (39.07, 48.29) | |
≥ Median | 62.91 (60.89, 64.90) | 63.70 (61.61, 65.73) | 56.37 (51.71, 60.93) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 33.63 (33.42, 33.84) | 33.49 (33.28, 33.71) | 34.75 (34.23, 35.27) | < 0.001 |
BMI category, kg/m2, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
< 30 | 29.54 (28.12, 31.00) | 30.24 (28.71, 31.81) | 23.70 (20.34, 27.42) | |
≥ 30 | 70.46 (69.00, 71.88) | 69.76 (68.19, 71.29) | 76.30 (72.58, 79.66) | |
Waist, cm | 113.71 (113.25, 114.16) | 113.34 (112.90, 113.78) | 116.76 (115.55, 117.96) | < 0.001 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 47.87 (46.22, 49.53) | 47.27 (45.45, 49.09) | 52.94 (48.95, 56.89) | 0.013 |
Drinking status, n (%) | 75.42 (73.82, 76.95) | 76.14 (74.43, 77.78) | 69.34 (65.39, 73.01) | 0.001 |
CVD, n (%) | 12.00 (10.99, 13.09) | 10.73 (9.68, 11.87) | 22.66 (19.57, 26.07) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 45.45 (43.67, 47.24) | 43.68 (41.78, 45.59) | 60.30 (55.59, 64.83) | < 0.001 |
DM, n (%) | 22.73 (21.38, 24.13) | 17.12 (15.78, 18.54) | 69.70 (65.70, 73.43) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, mg/dl | 5.88 (5.85, 5.91) | 5.68 (5.66, 5.71) | 7.55 (7.42, 7.69) | < 0.001 |
FPG, mg/dl | 114.93 (113.79, 116.07) | 112.46 (111.34, 113.57) | 135.66 (131.42, 139.91) | < 0.001 |
TC, mg/dl | 198.11 (196.58, 199.63) | 198.87 (197.27, 200.47) | 191.71 (187.61, 195.82) | 0.002 |
HDL, mg/dl | 46.56 (46.18, 46.94) | 46.55 (46.17, 46.93) | 46.66 (45.57, 47.75) | 0.838 |
GGT, U/L | 35.74 (34.52, 36.95) | 35.40 (34.14, 36.65) | 38.58 (35.19, 41.98) | 0.075 |
TG, mg/dl | 172.63 (167.93, 177.32) | 172.06 (167.13, 176.99) | 177.36 (163.45, 191.27) | 0.478 |
LDL, mg/dl | 117.40 (116.21, 118.59) | 118.23 (116.98, 119.49) | 110.39 (106.96, 113.82) | < 0.001 |
Scr, mg/dl | 0.90 (0.89, 0.91) | 0.90 (0.89, 0.91) | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 0.005 |
