Fig. 2

EPD samples at various stages of processing. (a) EPD samples deposited at different voltages (225–275 V) and times (30–180 s) before sintering, showing the effect of deposition parameters on coating morphology. (b) Optimized EPD sample obtained at 225 V for 180 s before sintering. (c) EPD samples after drying, ready for sintering, demonstrating the pre-sintering state. (d) EPD samples sintered at various temperatures, revealing the impact of thermal processing on coating integrity.